最新刊期
卷 33 ， 期 11 ， 2025
- “在拉曼光谱检测领域，专家通过优化光路增强信号强度，提升了检测灵敏度，为气体检测提供新方案。”摘要：To address the limited Raman scattering area， which diminishes signal strength and detection sensitivity， this study enhances the Raman signal intensity and detection sensitivity through optical path optimization. Experiments investigating various reflection modes within the cavity and collection system angles examined the effects of the incident light's polarization state and dual-path collection on the Raman scattering signal. Utilizing the optimized parameters， a multi-pass reflective cavity system was developed. Using the Raman spectra of oxygen and nitrogen in air as reference signals， results demonstrated that the signal intensity with P-polarized incident light was 1.3 times greater than that with S-polarized light. Implementation of a dual-path collection system increased the total collected scattered light， thereby improving Raman scattering collection efficiency. The signal-to-noise ratio of the dual-channel collection system increased by 1.5 times for Channel A and 1.7 times for Channel B， enabling the detection of carbon dioxide in air. Furthermore， the device exhibited a strong linear correlation between signal intensity and gas concentration， confirming its capability for quantitative analysis.关键词：spectroscopy;Raman spectroscopy;gas detection;cavity-enhanced;near-confocal cavity40|3|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在提高扫描电镜设备性能领域，专家设计了磁浸没式热场发射电子枪，有效提升发射束流，为设备性能提升提供新方案。”摘要：To enhance the probe beam current of scanning electron microscopes and related devices， a thermal field electron gun immersed in a magnetic lens field was designed to collect electrons emitted from the cathode and increase the effective emitted beam current. The optical properties of the magnetic field-immersed thermal field electron gun were theoretically analyzed， and the performance of three magnetic lens configurations—single polepiece， double polepiece with axial gap， and double polepiece with radial gap—was simulated and compared. A magnetic field-immersed electron gun was subsequently developed based on the double polepiece with axial gap lens， and the variations in beam spot size， beam current， and angular current density in response to the magnetic immersion lens were examined. Experimental measurements of the magnetic field distribution of the immersion lens and the effective emitted beam current of the magnetic field-immersed electron gun were conducted using a dedicated platform. Results demonstrate that the measured magnetic field distribution closely matches simulation predictions. The effective emitted beam current reached 44.97 nA at a low acceleration voltage of 3.3 kV and 638.12 nA at a high acceleration voltage of 23.5 kV， representing an approximate fourfold increase compared with conventional thermal field electron guns.关键词：electron optics;thermal field electron gun;magnetic immersion lens;double polepiece lens15|6|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在光学系统领域，专家提出了一种多运动组共轨型紧凑变焦光学系统模型，有效解决了传统变焦系统体积大、质量重的问题，为实现变焦光学系统的小型化设计提供了新路径。”摘要：Traditional zoom system widely use mechanically compensated zoom structures， which suffer from excessive total track length and bulky structures. These limitations make it difficult for them to meet the strict constraints on volume and weight imposed by miniaturized devices. To address the aforementioned issues， this study discusses the principle of stable imaging in multiple moving groups zoom systems and proposes a compact zoom optical system model based on multiple moving groups sharing travel path. Taking a five-group zoom system as a design case， the complete design process from the formulation of design specifications to Gaussian structure analysis and then to optimization solutions is elaborated in detail. The effectiveness of the design results is verified through performance evaluation. The design results show that the system employs three glass lenses and seven plastic lenses， achieving a 3× continuous zoom from 23 mm to 69 mm with a total track length of 69 mm. The system has an F-number range of 2.4~4.5， an image height of 8.49 mm， and a working spectrum covering 435~650 nm， and the system mass is controlled below 30 g， while maintaining excellent imaging quality across the entire field of view and zoom range. The zoom curves exhibit smooth transitions without inflection points. The proposed compact zoom optical system model based on multiple moving groups sharing travel path effectively expands the effective motion range of individual moving groups under limited mechanical travel. While reducing the axial length of the zoom system， it ensures imaging quality stability during continuous zooming， providing an effective approach to achieve the goals of compactness design in zoom optical systems. Additionally， by adopting a glass-plastic hybrid configuration for the lens material， the lightweight target of the system is achieved.关键词：optical design;continuous zoom;multiple moving groups;compact optical system21|5|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在水下偏振图像恢复领域，专家提出了基于透射率限制修正的方法，有效提升了图像信息熵和对比度。”摘要：To address errors in transmittance estimation， an underwater polarization image restoration method based on transmittance-limiting correction is proposed. Initially， a coarse correction of the transmittance parameters is applied to suppress noise， thereby reducing interference in target imaging. Subsequently， a fine adjustment of the transmittance parameters is performed to enhance contrast and improve estimation accuracy. The corrected transmittance is then integrated into the underwater transmission model to produce the restored image. An independently developed underwater active illumination imaging experimental device was employed to conduct restoration experiments on various targets in waters of differing turbidity levels. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves information entropy and contrast indices by averages of 33.89% and 69.01%， respectively， compared to the original images. Additionally， it outperforms other algorithms with respect to average gradient， signal-to-noise ratio， and information entropy. Target details were significantly recovered in turbid waters of varying concentrations. Under active illumination conditions， effective restoration of underwater polarization images necessitates accurate acquisition of the backscattered degree of polarization and the light intensity at infinity. Rough estimations of these parameters may lead to transmittance errors， resulting in considerable noise and pixel saturation in the restored images.关键词：polarization imaging;active illumination;underwater target image restoration;transmittance estimation23|5|0更新时间：2025-07-23
Modern Applied Optics
- “在高精度光学元件加工领域，专家提出了基于频域滤波的离子束加工收敛率优化方法，有效提升了细束径去除函数的误差修正能力，为全频段误差一致性收敛提供了解决方案。”摘要：This study investigates and enhances the corrective capability of small-sized tool influence functions （TIFs） in addressing form errors with spatial wavelengths comparable to their dimensions， through the analysis and optimization of millimeter spot-sized ion beam figuring （IBF）. A radial shell ribs evaluation method was established to quantify the corrective performance of small-sized TIFs across multiple frequencies， employing root-mean-square density （RMSD） distribution， convergence rates， and periodic surface processing outcomes. Based on this framework， a dwell time compensation strategy incorporating high-pass filtering was developed， resulting in improved convergence rates within the target spatial frequency bands. Experimental results demonstrate that the radial shell ribs analysis provides an efficient and convenient approach to evaluating TIF corrective capability across frequencies. The introduced dwell time compensation method significantly enhances the single-cycle convergence rate of small-sized TIFs within their effective frequency range. Specifically， for the critical frequency band associated with corrective capacity transitions （0.186 to 0.385 mm⁻¹）， the average convergence rate of a 2-mm full width at half maximum （FWHM） TIF increased from 76.4% to 91.7%. This approach enables consistent convergence of form errors throughout the entire frequency spectrum during processing with a single TIF， thereby advancing the manufacturing of high-precision optical components.关键词：ultra-precision fabrication;ion beam figuring;dwell time;convergence rate;small-sized tool influence function;corrective capability12|2|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在五轴机床误差辨识领域，专家提出了基于双特征槽的旋转轴位置误差辨识方法，显著降低了材料去除量，提高了辨识精度和可靠性。”摘要：A method for identifying position-dependent geometric errors （PDGEs） of rotary axes in five-axis machine tools is proposed， employing dual-feature grooves. This approach entails machining two distinct types of feature grooves on a cubic workpiece and implementing four measurement modes to facilitate high-precision identification of rotary axis geometric errors. Unlike conventional feature workpieces， the proposed design does not impose stringent requirements on groove depth and length， thereby substantially reducing material removal while mitigating the effects of cutting forces， thermal deformation， and linear axis errors on measurement outcomes. Furthermore， the identification model is designed to amplify the influence of angular error motions， diminishing the impact of measurement uncertainty on identification accuracy and enhancing result reliability. Comparative experiments with the T-block identification method confirm the method’s accuracy， demonstrating a maximum deviation of 2.7 μm for displacement error identification and -2.3″ for angular error identification， with an average consistency of 93.6% between the two methods.关键词：five-axis machine tool;rotary axis;geometric error;error identification;feature-embedded workpiece;on machine measurement17|2|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在熊猫保偏光纤生产领域，专家设计了石英预制棒深孔加工力在线测量系统，验证了切削力随刀具磨损状态变化的趋势，为提高加工质量提供解决方案。”摘要：An online measurement system for the deep hole machining force of quartz prefabricated rods has been designed and implemented， addressing the unique characteristics of the rods' mounting structure and the critical relationship between cutting force and tool wear. Leveraging the drilling process dominated by axial force， a double-guide design was employed to isolate the tilting moment and other directional forces， enabling low-cost， real-time cutting force measurement through a unidirectional piezoelectric force sensor. To validate the system's effectiveness， multiple experiments were conducted on quartz prefabricated rods using tools exhibiting varying degrees of wear， and the correlation between cutting force and tool wear progression was analyzed. Experimental results on Panda bias-preserving fiber prefabricated rods indicate that the core is susceptible to fracture when machined with a 12.8 mm diameter tool at cutting forces approaching 150 N.关键词：deep hole processing;quartz prefabricated rod;cutting force;online measurement13|2|0更新时间：2025-07-23
Micro/Nano Technology and Fine Mechanics
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Evaluation of detection， identification and rapid cataloging capabilities for space debris cloud AI导读
“天地一体化空间监测技术进步，使新碎片快速编目成为可能。COSMOS-2251/Iridium-33碰撞事件分析显示，天基光学监测星座能在一天内对70%以上碰撞新碎片进行轨道编目。”摘要：Advancements in space-ground integrated surveillance techniques have expanded detection coverage and reduced object revisit times， enabling the collection of multiple orbit tractlets of new debris within hours of an event and thereby facilitating timely tracking and cataloging. This study evaluates the detection and cataloging capabilities for monitoring debris clouds using space-based optical systems. Utilizing historical two-line element data， the identification and cataloging potential of debris generated by the COSMOS-2251/Iridium-33 satellite collision were analyzed， assuming a space-based optical detection constellation of 24 satellites. Results indicate that 99% of new debris fragments can be resolved within 20 minutes post-collision. Analysis of randomly selected samples of 100 debris fragments from each satellite revealed that 81% of COSMOS-2251 debris and 87% of Iridium-33 debris possess at least 10 observable tractlets within one day following the collision. Considering all observable tractlets within this timeframe， 70% of COSMOS-2251 debris and 73% of Iridium-33 debris were successfully cataloged. These findings demonstrate that a well-designed space-based optical surveillance system can catalog over 70% of new debris resulting from space collisions within one day.关键词：space collision;debris cloud;object detection;orbital catalogue;space-based space surveillance24|10|0更新时间：2025-07-23 - “在月球探测领域，提出了点云法向量欧氏距离与曲面投影表面重建方法，能实现更高精度的表面重建，适用于自然熔岩管点云的表面重建，可用于高精度月球熔岩管三维模型的构建。”摘要：Point cloud surface reconstruction is a critical technology in lunar exploration， the quality of surface reconstruction is directly dependent on point cloud accuracy. To enhance point cloud precision， preserve surface details， and prevent over-smoothing， a surface reconstruction method based on the Euclidean distance of point cloud normal vectors and surface projection is proposed. This neighborhood-based approach employs an anisotropic projection process to closely approximate the true surface positions of objects， effectively maintaining the geometric integrity of the real object and improving the quality and reliability of the 3D model.Initially， principal component analysis （PCA） is utilized to estimate and normalize normal vectors on unstructured point clouds. Subsequently， voxel filtering is applied for preprocessing to eliminate outliers. Following this， a moving least squares （MLS） method employing anisotropic weight functions is used for point cloud projection， yielding smooth point cloud data while preserving local geometric features. Finally， the Poisson algorithm is implemented for implicit surface reconstruction and triangular mesh generation.The morphological parameters of the Indian Lava Tube are analyzed to assess the influence of algorithmic parameters on resampling and surface reconstruction. Results indicate that a projection radius of 30 mm and a normal vector difference threshold of 5° yield the highest resampling accuracy， with a point cloud root mean square error （RMSE） below 13.9 mm. Optimal surface reconstruction is achieved with a 40 mm projection radius and the same threshold， resulting in a reconstructed surface RMSE under 67.6 mm. Compared to farthest point sampling， normal space sampling， uniform sampling， and voxel sampling methods， the proposed approach attains superior surface reconstruction precision.This algorithm substantially enhances surface accuracy and is well-suited for reconstructing lava tube point clouds in natural environments. It offers a robust solution for high-precision three-dimensional modeling of lunar lava tubes.关键词：lidar;point cloud surface reconstruction;lunar exploration;lava tube;resampling16|4|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在高速CMOS图像数据传输领域，专家研制了光纤传输系统，解决了传输线缆多和链路损耗大的问题，为高速图像数据传输提供解决方案。”摘要：To address challenges associated with multiple cables and significant link loss in high-speed CMOS image data transmission， a fiber-optic transmission system for high-speed CMOS image data was investigated. The limiting factors of high-speed fiber-optic transmission were identified， with particular emphasis on the transmission link within the fiber-optic module. The electrical signal link was determined as the critical element impacting overall transmission performance. Initially， based on the transmitter’s full-temperature-range transmission capability and the receiver’s minimum required signal amplitude for stable operation， the maximum permissible insertion loss for the electrical transmission link was established. Employing an insertion loss model for the transmission link， the reliable transmission distance was quantified， constrained primarily by the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent. Subsequently， considering the AC coupling requirements for high-speed signals in fiber-optic modules and the limitations imposed by the use of small-package nickel-electrode capacitors in high-reliability aerospace applications， compensation strategies were developed to mitigate impedance mismatches caused by large-package coupling capacitors and vias. Furthermore， for the Aurora 64b/66b protocol implemented in the GTX module， a method was proposed that utilizes the empty flag signal of the cache FIFO to restore line boundaries within the data stream， supplemented by the insertion of line head， line end identifiers， and synchronization headers between the Reed-Solomon encoder and the scrambler to reduce FPGA memory resource consumption. Simulation results at a 10 Gb/s transmission rate indicate an echo insertion loss of -10.243 2 dB on the circuit board， surpassing OIF-CEI-04.0 and PCIe 4.0 protocol standard requirements and confirming high signal transmission quality. The overall insertion loss of -1.477 65 dB also exceeds link specification demands. Software testing over 48 hours demonstrated a bit error rate of 5.789×10⁻¹⁶， confirming the system's stability and reliability. Comparative analysis between the novel and conventional methods reveals that the proposed protocol interface reduces FPGA storage resource usage by 3.6%， highlighting its efficiency and practical significance.关键词：high-speed CMOS image data;optical fiber transmission system;insertion loss model;echo and insertion loss;GTX module;aurora 64b/66b protocol14|4|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在海洋环境治理领域，专家建立了轻量级检测模型Debris-yolo，提高了深海垃圾检测的准确性和实用性。”摘要：Marine debris constitutes a significant global environmental challenge. Autonomous underwater robots offer a potential solution for the removal of deep-sea debris. To enable rapid and accurate detection of such debris， this study presents a lightweight detection model， termed Deep-sea Debris YOLO （Debris-YOLO）， developed using deep learning techniques. An initial deep-sea debris dataset was constructed based on the Deep-sea Debris Database provided by the Global Oceanographic Data Centre （GODAC）. Subsequently， an enhanced BiFPN feature fusion network was employed to reduce model parameters while enhancing background discrimination capabilities. A lightweight detection head was designed to decrease computational complexity， thereby improving the model’s practicality and deployability for deep-sea debris detection. Furthermore， the Wise-DIoU （Wise Distance Intersection over Union） loss function was introduced to mitigate the influence of low-quality samples， enabling more precise localization of deep-sea debris. Data augmentation and adaptive color-balanced underwater restoration were applied to enrich the training dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Debris-YOLO model achieves improvements of 1.3% and 1.6% in mAP0.5 and mAP0.5∶0.95， respectively， compared to YOLOv8n， while reducing the number of parameters and GFLOPS by 48.2% and 36%， respectively.关键词：computer vision;target detection;underwater robot;deep-sea debris16|4|0更新时间：2025-07-23
- “在工业缺陷检测领域，YOLO-TR算法通过改进模型结构和损失函数，实现了焊缝缺陷的高效在线检测，精确率和召回率均有所提升。”摘要：Existing weld defect detection algorithms exhibit limitations such as inaccurate detection of small-scale defects， suboptimal real-time performance， and excessive parameter counts. To overcome these challenges， a novel online detection algorithm， termed YOLO-TR， has been developed for the identification of five prevalent weld defects： burnt-on， burn-through， slag entrapment， unfused joints， and misalignment. The YOLO-TR algorithm integrates a Triplet Attention mechanism within the YOLOv5 feature extraction network to enhance feature representation. The neck network employs a dynamic up-sampling （DySample） module， replacing the original up-sampling component of YOLOv5， thereby improving feature map resolution to satisfy high-precision inspection requirements. The incorporation of a distributed focus detection head （CLLAHead） augments robustness to scale variations while concurrently reducing the model’s parameter count. Furthermore， the original YOLOv5 loss function is substituted with the Shape-IoU loss function to enhance regression accuracy and accelerate convergence. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through ablation and comparative experiments. Ablation results demonstrate that the YOLO-TR model achieves a precision of 92.5% （an increase of 3.6%）， a recall of 88.8% （an increase of 2.1%）， and an average precision （mAP@0.5） improvement of 0.8%， with only a 4.4% increase in parameter count. The proposed algorithm delivers high efficiency and accuracy in online weld defect detection， exhibiting strong robustness and generalization capabilities， thereby substantiating its efficacy in industrial defect detection applications.关键词：detection defect;YOLOv5;triple attention mechanism;distributed focus detection head;DySample22|5|0更新时间：2025-07-23
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