最新刊期
卷 33 ， 期 14 ， 2025
- “在偏振图像渲染领域，研究人员基于Microfacet理论，提出了高阶镜面反射pBRDF模型，更准确地描述目标表面的偏振特性。”摘要：Based on the Microfacet theory， significant multiple specular reflections occur when light shines ona rough surface， while the traditional Polarized Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function （pBRDF）， this phenomenon was not well described by pBRDF. In order to obtain a more accurate pBRDF model and to analyze the polarization characteristics of the material more effectively， this paper further defined the relationship between the higher-order micro-phase angle and the first-order phase angle on the basis of the three-component pBRDF model that had included specular reflection， diffuse reflection， and directional diffuse reflection. The improved pBRDF model not only considered the geometric attenuation factor of multiple specular reflections， but also introduced the definition of the micro-phase angle， thereby establishing a more comprehensive higher-order specular-reflection pBRDF model. By comparing different pBRDF models and verifying them with the polarization-characteristic acquisition device， the experimental results showed that the model proposed in this paper was superior to other models， and the performance of the third-order model was generally better than that of the second-order model. In polarized image rendering， the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity increase by an average of 10.09% and 2.97% respectively， presenting a more realistic rendering effect. It is verified that the high-order specular reflection pBRDF model proposed in this paper can describe the polarization characteristics of the target surface more accurately.关键词：high order specular reflection pBRDF model;microfacet theory;roughened surface;polarization property;polarization image rendering0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
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Relationship between mirror surface figure errors and performance metrics of Fabry-Pérot etalons AI导读
“在精密光学领域，研究人员深入探究了法布里-珀罗标准具镜片面形误差对其性能的影响，建立了理论模型并优化了工艺参数，为高精密标准具的生产加工提供了重要应用价值。”摘要：To achieve deterministic control of surface figure errors in the fabrication of Fabry-Pérot etalon mirrors， this study thoroughly investigated the relationship between mirror surface figure errors and the performance of etalons. A theoretical model was established to analyze the impact of surface figure errors on the transmission spectrum of the etalon， quantitatively revealing the effects of different surface profiles on key performance parameters， thereby optimizing manufacturing processes and surface control parameters. The research showed that the mean value of surface figure errors had a strong linear correlation with the central wavelength shift， with a sensitivity coefficient of 1.65 pm/nm that was theoretically derived. The peak-to-valley value of surface figure errors affected the spectral linewidth broadening and peak transmittance attenuation. Within the region where the peak-to-valley value was less than λ/40 （15.8 nm）， both linewidth and peak transmittance gradually converged. To validate the theoretical model， a transmission spectrum test system with picometer-level accuracy was constructed. Through qualitative validation via clear aperture testing and quantitative analysis of surface figure errors， it was determined that the surface uniformity of the central plate exerted a greater influence on etalon performance than that of the edge plates. A critical surface figure error control threshold satisfying the performance specifications was established， guiding etalon fabrication experiments. Results demonstrate that for a 30 mm-diameter etalon with the peak-to-valley value controlled within 10 nm， the peak transmittance reaches 98.63%， achieving narrowband filtering with a bandwidth of 32.8 pm at the central wavelength of 532.199 nm， which approaches the theoretical design limit. These conclusions hold significant application value for manufacturing high-precision etalons with high transmittance， narrow bandwidth， and picometer-level central wavelength stability.关键词：surface figure error;etalon;peak-to-valley value;Fabry-Pérot0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15 - “本研究提出基于推挽式光纤布拉格光栅的水压传感方法，实现高精度水位实时监测，为海洋环境监测装备提供新型解决方案。”摘要：In view of the need of high sensitive water level real-time monitoring， we propose and demonstrate a Fiber Bragg Grating （FBG） based accurate water pressure sensor， which relies on the design of a push-pull sensing structure consisting of a dual of FBGs experiencing opposing compression/dilation， integrated with other mechanical stress-amplification elements. A composite sensing unit was constructed using a circular elastic membrane， a force transmission rod， a slider， and a pair of FBGs to achieve efficient conversion of pressure optical signals. Based on the elastic mechanics theory modeling and the finite element simulation analysis， a linear response model between the wavelength offset and the pressure for the dual FBG push-pull sensing system was established. Experimental testing of the sensor established the following technical parameters of the sensor： pressure sensing range 0-2 MPa， pressure sensitivity 1 820.05 pm/MPa， linearity 0.69%， repeatability 0.56%， response time 0.55 s， indicating that this sensor has high pressure sensitivity， good stability， fast response speed， and extremely weak creep characteristics. Of especially noteworthy is the insensitivity of the sensor to minute environmental temperature variation， with a temperature sensitivity of 0.000 6 pm/℃. Our research work demonstrated the present approach can not only achieve high sensitivity and large sensing range， but also effectively minimize the cross-sensitivity between temperature and pressure， realizing temperature self-compensation and shielding from other environmental perturbations. As this fiber optic sensor is completely passive， without electrical power on the wet-end， and easy to multiplex， it has the potential of playing a decisive role in future oceanic applications.关键词：underwater pressure sensor;fiber Bragg grating;push-pull;pressure response characteristic;temperature insensitivity0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
Modern Applied Optics
- “在航天器编队任务领域，专家提出传感器优化准则，通过可视化分析测量精度，为光电传感器布局设计提供指导，确保激光灯塔良好工作性能。”摘要：Aiming at the problem that the measurement accuracy of cooperative targets in spacecraft formation missions varies greatly under different sensor layouts， we visualized the accuracy and proposed a sensor optimization criterion to guide the installation layout design of photoelectric sensors in complex environments and ensure good working performance of laser lighthouse. In this paper， Angle measurement error and sensor installation error were selected for analysis and modeling， and the error propagation model of laser lighthouse system was more strictly established. An AP（angle-precision） mapping method was proposed to evaluate the sensor installation configuration. The experimental results show that the RMS of the measurement error of the laser lighthouse system is basically consistent with the calculated value， and the calculated relative error is within 5%， which verifies the correctness of the error propagation analysis model. In addition， in terms of sensor layout optimization， using the proposed AP spherical mapping to visualize the measurement accuracy， it is found that compared with the coplanar configuration， the pose measurement accuracy of the laser lighthouse for the non-coplanar sensor installation configuration is more evenly distributed with the observation Angle， and the measurement error divergence is not easy.关键词：pose measurement;lighthouse;error propagation model;configuration optimization0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
- “在降低316L不锈钢表面二次电子发射率领域，专家设计了沟槽和网格阵列，并通过激光辅助水射流技术加工，有效降低了二次电子发射率。”摘要：In order to reduce the secondary electron emissivity of the surface of 316L stainless steel， an array of grooves and grids that can reduce the secondary electron emissivity of the surface of stainless steel was designed. The designed arrays were pmachined by laser assisted water jet technology and the surface secondary electron emission rate was detected. First， the grooves and grid arrays were designed to reduce the number of secondary electron emissions using CASINO simulation software. Then the response surface method was used to study the effect of laser assisted water jetting process parameters on the depth-to-width ratio of the grooves， and a regression prediction model of the grooves' depth-to-width ratio was obtained to obtain the combination of maximum depth-to-width ratio processing parameters. Finally， the laser assisted waterjet machining of grooves and grid arrays was carried out， and the secondary electron emissivity of the surface was detected. The experimental results show that the secondary electron emissivity of the groove and lattice array surfaces decreased dramatically， with the peak secondary electron emissivity of 1.48 and 1.25， respectively， which are 36.50 % and 46.35 % lower than that of the unprocessed surface with the peak secondary electron emissivity of 2.33， respectively. The performance of groove array and grid array in suppressing the secondary electron emission rate of 316L stainless steel surface is excellent.关键词：laser assisted water jet;316L stainless steel;secondary electron emission;laser micro-nanofabrication0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
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Micro-positioning error monitoring and piezoelectric correction of plane grating ruling machine AI导读
“在光栅刻划领域，专家提出了基于分段Prandtl-Ishlinskii模型的复合控制误差补偿方法，有效提升了光栅刻划的分度定位精度与稳定性。”摘要：To address the issue of the decline in micro-positioning accuracy caused by the hysteresis nonlinearity characteristic of the piezoelectric ceramic driver during the engraving process of the planar grating engraving machine， a composite control error-compensation method based on the segmented Prandtl–Ishlinskii （PI） model was proposed to enhance the indexing positioning accuracy and stability of the grating engraving. A set of error-monitoring and correction systems for grating micro-positioning with a certain degree of accuracy was designed. By constructing a segmented PI model to describe its nonlinear behavior， the hysteresis characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic actuator were identified using the least-squares method. The inverse model was used as a feedforward compensation link， combined with closed-loop feedback control to form a composite control strategy， thereby achieving dynamic error correction. Experimental data show that， compared with before adding the PI inverse model feedforward compensation， the positioning error of the grating line has been reduced from ±20 nm to within ±10 nm. Ensure the consistency of the engraved grooves， apply the calibration of the grating etching division degree to correct the positioning error， providing reliable technical support for the preparation of high-density gratings. Future research will focus on integrating and optimizing intelligent algorithms to further improve positioning accuracy， as well as exploring the expansion application of this technology in curved surface gratings and variable grating pitch etching.关键词：grating writer;micro positioning system;positioning accuracy;P-I model;piezoelectric0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15 - “在地球科学等领域，激光干涉式绝对重力仪发挥重要作用。专家改进了托车运动控制策略，提高了重力测量精度，为优化设备性能提供技术支撑。”摘要：Laser interferometric absolute gravimeter plays an irreplaceable and important role in the fields of earth science， resource exploration， geological survey， earthquake monitoring and so on. The measurement process needs to use the pallet to realize the smooth release and undertaking of the falling body， and the motion control precision of the pallet directly affects the gravity measurement results. In order to improve the motion-control accuracy of the absolute-gravimeter pallet， an improved S-curve absolute-gravimeter pallet motion-control strategy was designed and the motion characteristics of the absolute-gravimeter pallet were studied. Firstly， the servo-motor drive-system transfer model was constructed on the basis of the mathematical model of the brushed DC motor. Then， the improved S-shaped pallet motion curve was designed and the correlation between the ideal displacement curve and the actual displacement curve of the pallet was compared and analyzed. Finally， based on the self-developed NIM-3A absolute gravimeter， a laser-interference signal data-acquisition system was built to collect the movement data of the pallet truck and to analyze the measured pallet-movement data. The experimental results show that the improved S-type pallet motion curve designed in this paper makes the coefficient of determination R2 between the actual pallet motion displacement and the ideal displacement of the pallet greater than 0.99， the standard deviation of the displacement in the first 0.05 s of the actual pallet motion is reduced by about 1/2， and the validity of the gravity measurement data is increased by 9.3%. The research results can provide certain technical support for optimizing the performance of laser interferometric absolute gravimeter.关键词：laser interferometric absolute gravimeter;pallet motion;optimized S-curve;brushed DC motor0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
Micro/Nano Technology and Fine Mechanics
- “在眼科疾病诊断领域，专家提出了一种双分支卷积路径特征提取与跨级特征解耦的网络，有效解决了视网膜血管分割中的细小血管漏检、病理干扰等问题，为提高分割性能提供了新方案。”摘要：Retinal vessel segmentation is a critical foundation for ophthalmic disease diagnosis. However， existing methods have issues such as missed detection of thin vessels， interference from pathological regions， and feature entanglement. Therefore， this paper proposed a Dual-path Feature Extraction and Cross-level Feature Decoupling Network. First， in the encoder， a Multi-directional Differential Residual Block extracted vessel-edge features across multiple directions to capture subtle vessel structures. Next， a Collaborative Attention Fusion Block dynamically integrated the complementary convolutional features of the double-branch path， enhancing the aggregation of encoded information. Finally， for the skip connections between the two U-Net branches， a Channel Interaction Disentanglement Block was introduced to decouple cross-level features， strengthen feature representations， and resolve the feature-confusion problem inherent in traditional U-Net architectures. The proposed method was extensively validated on four public datasets—DRIVE， CHASEDB1， STARE， and IOSTAR—achieving F1-scores of 82.47 %， 80.71 %， 81.44 %， and 82.01 %， and sensitivities of 80.96 %， 80.23 %， 74.69 %， and 76.92 %， respectively. The F1 scores of the LadderNet algorithm are 81.66%，80.16%，80.92% and 79.69%， and the sensitivity is 77.06%，78.88%，73.64% and 71.24%，respectively. Compared to state-of-the-art methods， our approach shows good robustness and superior segmentation performance in the task of retinal vascular segmentation.关键词：retinal vessel;image segmentation;multi-directional differential convolution;dynamic feature fusion;attention mechanism0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
- “在自动驾驶与智能交通领域，研究者提出了一种城市道路语义分割网络，有效提升了分割精度，为解决分割边界模糊等问题提供了新方案。”摘要：Semantic segmentation plays an irreplaceable role in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. However， current segmentation networks often suffer from challenges such as blurred object boundaries， mutual occlusions between objects， and significant variations in object scales， which hinder segmentation accuracy. To address these issues， this paper proposed a city road scene semantic segmentation network that integrates global context awareness and multi-scale feature fusion.To mitigate the problem of blurred segmentation boundaries， a Global Awareness Module （GAM） was designed to enhance interaction between spatial and channel-wise information， enabling the network to capture comprehensive global context. For handling object occlusion and improving recognition of partially obscured regions， a Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Module（MSFF） was introduced， which effectively integrated contextual cues from different receptive fields to ensure segmentation accuracy for objects of varying sizes.Furthermore， a comprehensive Multi-constraint Feature Smoothing Loss was employed to enforce spatial coherence and semantic consistency， guiding the model toward a more optimal solution by refining feature distributions around object boundaries and within complex scenes.Extensive experiments are conducted on two benchmark datasets. On the Cityscapes dataset， the proposed method achieves mIoU improvements by 0.5%， 0.9%， and 1.7% under different input resolutions. On the ADE20K dataset， an mIoU gain of 2.1% is observed. Compared with existing semantic segmentation models， the proposed approach demonstrates superior performance in urban road scene understanding， particularly in terms of boundary delineation， and occlusion robustness.关键词：deep learning;image processing;semantic segmentation;feature fusion;loss function0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
- “在行人检测领域，提出了一种基于头部与整体信息联合的检测算法，有效提升了对遮挡行人目标和多尺度行人目标的检测能力。”摘要：In crowded scenes， factors such as occlusion of the pedestrian body and varying pedestrian scales lead to a decrease in the precision of the detector. Since， the pedestrian head tends to be lightly occluded and it can be used to assist detection.In this regard， a pedestrian-detection algorithm based on joint head and overall information was proposed. First， a feature-extraction network built upon dense connections and enhanced fusion was designed to strengthen multi-scale feature extraction and to improve the network’s sensitivity to pedestrians of various scales. Second， the sampling mechanism of the region-proposal-network module was optimized by introducing a non-uniform hard-example-mining strategy that discriminated according to the occlusion-overlap rate； this strategy concentrated on heavily occluded hard samples and enhanced the network’s adaptability to occlusion. Next， a joint head-and-body detection strategy was constructed， and the post-processing stage was refined so that head-detection results could recover body boxes that had been erroneously suppressed by occlusion， thereby reducing the missed-detection rate. Meanwhile， the loss function was further optimized by incorporating the characteristics of the joint detection box， so that mis-detections and missed detections caused by occlusion were alleviated. Finally， the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified through experiments. The results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the log-average miss detection rate by 5.7% and improves the average precision by 4% on the CrowdHuman dataset with a higher degree of occlusion， and reduces the log-average miss detection rate by 2.4% and 2.1% on the two small-scale subsets of the TJU-DHD-pedestrian dataset， which effectively enhances the detection capability of both occluded pedestrian targets and multi-scale pedestrian targets.关键词：pedestrian detection;joint detection;multi-scale feature fusion;hard example mining;post-processing optimization0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
- “在人体关键点检测领域，专家提出了基于多分辨率特征融合的下肢关键点检测模型，有效提升了检测精确率和速度。”摘要：The existing human keypoint detection models lack attention to high-resolution features， and the dataset used in training has low resolution and large annotation errors. This causes an unstable detection result and poor positioning accuracy in tasks such as gait analysis. A human lower-limb keypoint-detection model based on multi-resolution feature fusion was proposed to address the above issues. High-resolution images were adopted as network inputs， and a fine-tuned MobileNet v1 network combined with an attention mechanism was employed to extract global low-resolution features. Preliminary keypoint positions were predicted， after which local high-resolution features were extracted through a parallel shallow network. Subsequently， features at different resolutions were fused via a continuous residual structure and an attention mechanism， thereby improving keypoint-prediction accuracy and effectively alleviating the computational burden imposed by high-resolution images. In this work， a high-resolution， high-precision dataset of human lower-limb keypoints was created through pre-labeling to ensure reliable model training. Model complexity， detection speed， detection accuracy， and detection error were evaluated and compared with other classic and state-of-the-art methods through experiments. The results show that the test detection rate of the proposed model reaches 95.2%， which is better than the comparison methods of Lightweight-OpenPose， HRNet-W32， HRNet-W48， YOLO-Pose， RTMPose and SimCC， and the detection accuracy is increased by 4.1%-83.6%， and the FPS is increased by 7.6-13.9. The effectiveness of the proposed model in high-precision human lower limb key point detection is demonstrated.关键词：human lower limb keypoint detection;multi-resolution feature fusion;attention mechanism;pre labeling0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
- “在遥感影像领域，专家构建了舰船语义分割数据集SSSD，提出了双任务和双重注意力机制的舰船提取方法，有效提升了分割精度和泛化能力。”摘要：Aiming at the problems of insufficient data baseline and poor decoding accuracy in the pixel-level ship-extraction task of remote-sensing images， this paper conducted research from the two levels of dataset and network structure， constructed a Ship Semantic Segmentation Dataset （SSSD） that was sufficient in quantity， rich in type， and wide in distribution， and proposed a ship-extraction method with joint dual-task and dual-attention mechanisms. At the dataset level， port areas worldwide were reasonably selected， the construction of SSSD was completed on the basis of the HRSC2016 dataset， and the final dataset contained 3 760 training images and 923 test images. At the network-structure level， segmentation accuracy was effectively improved by fusing multi-head self-attention and channel attention and by designing the dual-attention mechanism. In addition， contour-supervised branching was introduced as a secondary task， and the dual-task network framework was formed by jointly performing semantic segmentation， which enhanced the separation between the ship and the background. The experimental results show that this paper's method improves 11.44%， 17.84%， 12.25%， and 1.64% over U-Net， ASPPUNet， DeepLabV3+， and MANet， respectively， on IoU； the design of dual-attention and auxiliary tasks improves 2.02% and 1.36%， respectively， on IoU； meanwhile， this paper's method exhibits， in generalization experiments， a stronger adaptability and robustness. The SSSD constructed in this paper can provide a reliable data benchmark for ship pixel-level decoding， and the ship extraction method proposed in this paper has better performance as well as stronger stability and generalization capability compared with mainstream methods.关键词：remote sensing image;ship extraction;data set;attention mechanism;dual task0|0|0更新时间：2025-08-15
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