{"defaultlang":"zh","titlegroup":{"articletitle":[{"lang":"zh","data":[{"name":"text","data":"光学超构表面异常偏折研究进展"}]},{"lang":"en","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Research progress on anomalous deflection of optical metasurfaces"}]}]},"contribgroup":{"author":[{"name":[{"lang":"zh","surname":"何","givenname":"涛","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""},{"lang":"en","surname":"HE","givenname":"Tao","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""}],"stringName":[],"aff":[{"rid":"aff1","text":"1"},{"rid":"aff2","text":"2"},{"rid":"aff3","text":"3"},{"rid":"aff4","text":"4"}],"role":["first-author"],"bio":[{"lang":"zh","text":["何 涛（1993-），男，博士，2016年、2021年于同济大学分别获得学士、博士学位，主要从事超表面设计与制造方面的研究。E-mail： hetao@tongji.edu.cn"],"graphic":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126670&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126677&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126673&type=","width":"22.01332855","height":"32.00399780","fontsize":""}],"data":[[{"name":"text","data":"何 涛"},{"name":"text","data":"（1993-），男，博士，2016年、2021年于同济大学分别获得学士、博士学位，主要从事超表面设计与制造方面的研究。E-mail： "},{"name":"text","data":"hetao@tongji.edu.cn"}]]}],"email":"hetao@tongji.edu.cn","deceased":false},{"name":[{"lang":"zh","surname":"魏","givenname":"泽勇","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""},{"lang":"en","surname":"WEI","givenname":"Zeyong","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""}],"stringName":[],"aff":[{"rid":"aff1","text":"1"},{"rid":"aff2","text":"2"},{"rid":"aff3","text":"3"},{"rid":"aff4","text":"4"}],"role":[],"deceased":false},{"name":[{"lang":"zh","surname":"王","givenname":"占山","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""},{"lang":"en","surname":"WANG","givenname":"Zhanshan","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""}],"stringName":[],"aff":[{"rid":"aff1","text":"1"},{"rid":"aff2","text":"2"},{"rid":"aff3","text":"3"},{"rid":"aff4","text":"4"}],"role":[],"deceased":false},{"name":[{"lang":"zh","surname":"程","givenname":"鑫彬","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""},{"lang":"en","surname":"CHENG","givenname":"Xinbin","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""}],"stringName":[],"aff":[{"rid":"aff1","text":"1"},{"rid":"aff2","text":"2"},{"rid":"aff3","text":"3"},{"rid":"aff4","text":"4"}],"role":["corresp"],"corresp":[{"rid":"cor1","lang":"en","text":"E-mail： chengxb@tongji.edu.cn","data":[{"name":"text","data":"E-mail： chengxb@tongji.edu.cn"}]}],"email":"chengxb@tongji.edu.cn","deceased":false}],"aff":[{"id":"aff1","intro":[{"lang":"zh","label":"1","text":"同济大学 物理科学与工程学院 精密光学工程技术研究所，上海 200092","data":[{"name":"text","data":"同济大学 物理科学与工程学院 精密光学工程技术研究所，上海 200092"}]},{"lang":"en","label":"1","text":"Institute of Precision Optical Engineering， School of Physics Science and Engineering， Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Institute of Precision Optical Engineering， School of Physics Science and Engineering， Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China"}]}]},{"id":"aff2","intro":[{"lang":"zh","label":"2","text":"同济大学 物理科学与工程学院 先进微结构材料教育部重点实验室，上海 200092","data":[{"name":"text","data":"同济大学 物理科学与工程学院 先进微结构材料教育部重点实验室，上海 200092"}]},{"lang":"en","label":"2","text":"MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials， School of Physics Science and Engineering， Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China","data":[{"name":"text","data":"MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials， School of Physics Science and Engineering， Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China"}]}]},{"id":"aff3","intro":[{"lang":"zh","label":"3","text":"上海市数字光学前沿科学研究基地，上海 200092","data":[{"name":"text","data":"上海市数字光学前沿科学研究基地，上海 200092"}]},{"lang":"en","label":"3","text":"Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics， Shanghai 200092， China","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics， Shanghai 200092， China"}]}]},{"id":"aff4","intro":[{"lang":"zh","label":"4","text":"上海市全光谱高性能光学薄膜器件与应用专业技术服务平台，上海 200092","data":[{"name":"text","data":"上海市全光谱高性能光学薄膜器件与应用专业技术服务平台，上海 200092"}]},{"lang":"en","label":"4","text":"Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications， Shanghai 200092， China","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications， Shanghai 200092， China"}]}]}]},"abstracts":[{"lang":"zh","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"将光波偏折到预定的非镜面折/反射方向是超构表面的一项重要能力，也是超构表面对光波进行复杂操控的基础。为了提高异常偏折超构表面的性能并拓展其应用，现有研究主要围绕设计理念、器件构型、演示应用等方面展开。目前光学超构表面的异常折射和反射效率已经提升至90%和99%，各种基于超构表面异常偏折光波调控的演示性应用也相继被提出。从物理机制、实现方法以及应用研究几方面出发，本文对光学超构表面异常偏折研究进行了回顾和讨论，同时也对潜在的挑战进行了总结，对异常偏折超构表面的进一步研究进行了展望。"}]}]},{"lang":"en","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Deflecting light waves in a predetermined direction of non-specular refraction/reflection is an important property of metasurfaces and is also the basis for the manipulation of light waves by optical metasurfaces. To improve the performance of anomalous deflection metasurfaces and expand their applications， the existing research mainly focuses on the design methodology， configuration， and the demonstration of applications. At present， the anomalous refraction and reflection efficiencies of optical metasurfaces have been increased to more than 90% and 99%， respectively. Furthermore， various applications based on anomalous deflection have been proposed. Studies on anomalous deflection metasurfaces are reviewed and discussed from the aspects of physical mechanism， implementation method， and application. The potential challenges are also summarized and further studies of anomalous deflection metasurfaces are explored."}]}]}],"keyword":[{"lang":"zh","data":[[{"name":"text","data":"超构表面"}],[{"name":"text","data":"亚波长结构"}],[{"name":"text","data":"异常偏折"}],[{"name":"text","data":"高效率"}]]},{"lang":"en","data":[[{"name":"text","data":"metasurface"}],[{"name":"text","data":"subwavelength structure"}],[{"name":"text","data":"anomalous deflection"}],[{"name":"text","data":"high efficiency"}]]}],"highlights":[],"body":[{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"1 引 言"}],"level":"1","id":"s1"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"以可控的方式操纵光的传播是光学中的一个基本问题。传统光学器件由自然原子组成的光学材料构成，主要通过光程积累对光波进行调控，其功能受限于自然材料的性质。近年来，人们提出了由亚波长人工原子按一定宏观排列方式组成的超构材料"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"1","type":"bibr","rid":"R1","data":[{"name":"text","data":"1"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，通过设计人工原子和人工原子的序，可以实现材料介电常数和磁导率的定向设计"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"2","type":"bibr","rid":"R2","data":[{"name":"text","data":"2"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"。基于此，超构材料可以实现各种奇特的电磁调控，例如负折射和隐身等"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"3","type":"bibr","rid":"R3","data":[{"name":"text","data":"3"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"4","type":"bibr","rid":"R4","data":[{"name":"text","data":"4"}]}}],"rid":["R3","R4"],"text":"3-4","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"。尽管三维超构材料在长波领域取得了巨大的成功，但由于光频三维超构材料损耗大、难以实际制备，限制了其实际应用。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"超构表面是一种由平面型人工原子按特定宏观排列方式构建而成的二维超构材料"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"5","type":"bibr","rid":"R5","data":[{"name":"text","data":"5"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"6","type":"bibr","rid":"R6","data":[{"name":"text","data":"6"}]}}],"rid":["R5","R6"],"text":"5-6","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，具有损耗低、可制备和易集成等特点，已经成为研究光波调控的新平台"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"7","type":"bibr","rid":"R7","data":[{"name":"text","data":"7"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"10","type":"bibr","rid":"R10","data":[{"name":"text","data":"10"}]}}],"rid":["R7","R8","R9","R10"],"text":"7-10","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"。通过在亚波长尺度下调控光波的振幅、相位和偏振等特性，超构表面展示了丰富的光波调控能力，如光波异常偏折"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"11","type":"bibr","rid":"R11","data":[{"name":"text","data":"11"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"14","type":"bibr","rid":"R14","data":[{"name":"text","data":"14"}]}}],"rid":["R11","R12","R13","R14"],"text":"11-14","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"、色散补偿"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"15","type":"bibr","rid":"R15","data":[{"name":"text","data":"15"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"17","type":"bibr","rid":"R17","data":[{"name":"text","data":"17"}]}}],"rid":["R15","R16","R17"],"text":"15-17","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"、超透镜成像"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"18","type":"bibr","rid":"R18","data":[{"name":"text","data":"18"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"19","type":"bibr","rid":"R19","data":[{"name":"text","data":"19"}]}}],"rid":["R18","R19"],"text":"18-19","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"和全息成像"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"20","type":"bibr","rid":"R20","data":[{"name":"text","data":"20"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"21","type":"bibr","rid":"R21","data":[{"name":"text","data":"21"}]}}],"rid":["R20","R21"],"text":"20-21","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"等。其中，异常偏折是超构表面调控光波最基本的方式之一，也是许多实际应用的基础和前提"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"22","type":"bibr","rid":"R22","data":[{"name":"text","data":"22"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"28","type":"bibr","rid":"R28","data":[{"name":"text","data":"28"}]}}],"rid":["R22","R23","R24","R25","R26","R27","R28"],"text":"22-28","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，如激光雷达和光谱仪等。自从描述异常偏折的广义Snell定律"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"29","type":"bibr","rid":"R29","data":[{"name":"text","data":"29"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"被提出，超构表面的异常偏折成为光子学领域的研究热点"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"23","type":"bibr","rid":"R23","data":[{"name":"text","data":"23"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"，"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"30","type":"bibr","rid":"R30","data":[{"name":"text","data":"30"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"33","type":"bibr","rid":"R33","data":[{"name":"text","da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梯度相位超构表面"}],"level":"1","id":"s2"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"2011年，哈佛大学团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"29","type":"bibr","rid":"R29","data":[{"name":"text","data":"29"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"报道了超构表面的异常偏折，通过沿着超构表面设计局域的相位分布，构建梯度相位，可以控制光束的偏折方向，且折/反射方向满足广义Snell定律。基于梯度相位的认识，人们展开了大量研究，金属超构表面和介质超构表面分别被提出用于实现光束的异常偏折。"}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"2.1　广义Snell定律"}],"level":"2","id":"s2a"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图1","type":"fig","rid":"F1","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图1"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示，在两种介质之间的界面设计超构表面引入突变相变，且该相位是一个与界面位置相关的函数，那么光在经过超构表面相邻两个位置点时的相移分别为"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Ф"}]},{"name":"text","data":"和"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Ф"}]},{"name":"text","data":"+d"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Ф"}]},{"name":"text","data":"。假设两点之间有两条与实际光路无限靠近的光路，由费马原理可知两条光路的光程近似相等，则有："}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F1","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图1"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"广义斯涅耳定律"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"29","type":"bibr","rid":"R29","data":[{"name":"text","data":"29"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.1"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Schematic of generalized Snell’s 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dB的消光比。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F2","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图2"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（a）金属天线超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"29","type":"bibr","rid":"R29","data":[{"name":"text","data":"29"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"；（b）双层等离子超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"41","type":"bibr","rid":"R41","data":[{"name":"text","data":"41"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.2"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（a） Metal antenna metasurface"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"29","type":"bibr","rid":"R29","data":[{"name":"text","data":"29"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"； （b） Hybrid bilayer plasmonic metasurface"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"41","type":"bibr","rid":"R41","data":[{"name":"text","data":"41"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126705&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126715&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126711&type=","width":"160.02000427","height":"47.45566559","fontsize":""}]}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"与此同时，研究人员提出使用金属-介质-金属的构型作为超构表面的单元结构，通过金属底板保证高反射率，通过改变上层金属纳米棒的尺寸实现0~2π的相位完全覆盖。如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图3","type":"fig","rid":"F3","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图3"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"（a）所示，复旦大学团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"34","type":"bibr","rid":"R34","data":[{"name":"text","data":"34"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"通过改变入射光偏振方向的金纳米棒的长度构建梯度相位，设计、制造和表征了工作在850 nm的梯度相位超构表面，通过实验证明了该超构表面可以将入射光偏折到异常反射方向，且出射光与入射光具有相同的偏振。该超构表面工作角度不大，因此异常反射效率高达80%。但是上述单元结构是针对工作波长850 nm进行设计的，当波长远离850 nm时，单元结构的相位响应逐渐偏离设计值，且不同单元结构的偏离各不相同，导致梯度相位逐渐被破坏，因而超构表面仅能在150 nm的带宽内维持异常反射调控。美国西北大学团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"42","type":"bibr","rid":"R42","data":[{"name":"text","data":"42"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"提出使用宽度渐变的梯形金属超构表面实现高效率的宽带光频异常反射，如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图3","type":"fig","rid":"F3","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图3"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"（b）所示。这种空间渐变的超构表面可以在宽带上赋予入射光梯度相位，且不会产生任何交叉偏振效应。最终，研究团队使用上述金属超构表面在可见光和近红外波段展示了高效率的宽带（450~850 nm）异常反射，其中异常反射级次与最强衍射级次的功率比值高达10"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"3"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，异常反射效率约85%。韩国光云大学研究团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"43","type":"bibr","rid":"R43","data":[{"name":"text","data":"43"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"使用金属铝的单层梯形超构表面在整个可见光波段展示了线偏振光的异常反射调控。随后他们"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"44","type":"bibr","rid":"R44","data":[{"name":"text","data":"44"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"又提出将一个可见光波段的宽带异常反射超构表面与近红外波段的宽带异常反射超构表面进行层叠，如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图3","type":"fig","rid":"F3","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图3"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"（c）所示，使超构表面从可见光一直到近红外都保持梯度相位，最终能够在456~1 456 nm实现平均效率70%以上的异常反射。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F3","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图3"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（a）金属超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"34","type":"bibr","rid":"R34","data":[{"name":"text","data":"34"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"；（b）梯形金属超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"42","type":"bibr","rid":"R42","data":[{"name":"text","data":"42"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"；（c）双层梯形金属超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"44","type":"bibr","rid":"R44","data":[{"name":"text","data":"44"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.3"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（a） Metal 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metasurface"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"44","type":"bibr","rid":"R44","data":[{"name":"text","data":"44"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126718&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126725&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37126721&type=","width":"160.02000427","height":"36.61833572","fontsize":""}]}}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"2.3　介质超构表面"}],"level":"2","id":"s2c"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"尽管金属超构表面能够提供较强的相位调控能力，从而可以构建梯度相位实现异常偏折，然而金属在光频范围内的吸收无法避免，且吸收还会被金属微结构的共振放大，进一步增大吸收损耗。因此，研究人员提出使用高折射率介质来降低吸收。斯坦福大学研究团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"45","type":"bibr","rid":"R45","data":[{"name":"text","data":"45"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"使用超薄的硅纳米柱构建梯度相位超构表面，能够对可见光实现70%左右效率的异常折射。纽约州立大学团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"46","type":"bibr","rid":"R46","data":[{"name":"text","data":"46"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"同样使用硅纳米柱构建梯度超构表面，在通信波长实现了36%效率的异常折射。中山大学研究团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"47","type":"bibr","rid":"R47","data":[{"name":"text","data":"47"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"使用在可见光吸收更小的晶体硅来构建超构表面，超构表面由在石英衬底上排列成方形晶格的硅柱渐变阵列组成。该超构表面单元能够实现完整的2π相位控制，并在532 nm波长下实现偏振无关的光束异常折射，透射率可达71%，相对衍射效率高达95%。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"异常反射要求超构表面能够保证较高的反射率，因此研究人员通常采用高折射率介质-间隔层-金属的构型。范德比尔特大学研究团队"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"48","type":"bibr","rid":"R48","data":[{"name":"text","data":"48"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"在银的薄膜上设计硅超构表面的几何结构，如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图5","type":"fig","rid":"F5","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图5"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"（a）所示。通过将单元结构彼此相邻放置，在一个超元胞内构建线性梯度相位，超构表面能够将1 550 nm正入射的光束偏折到11.5°的方向，偏折效率达到83%。随着波长从红外波段缩短至可见光，硅的吸收也逐渐变大。在可见光范围，二氧化钛由于同时具备较高的折射率和可忽略的吸收而成为最常用的材料。哈尔滨工业大学"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"49","type":"bibr","rid":"R49","data":[{"name":"text","data":"49"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"使用二氧化钛纳米柱构建超构表面，通过扫描二氧化钛纳米柱的结构参数，寻找若干个初始相位不同的半波片，将不同相位的半波片依照梯度相位放置构建超构表面。该超构表面能对632 nm波长的入射光实现偏振转化和异常反射，如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图5","type":"fig","rid":"F5","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图5"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"（b）所示，异常反射效率约为49%。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F4","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图4"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（a）可见光硅超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"45","type":"bibr","rid":"R45","data":[{"name":"text","data":"45"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"；（b）近红外硅超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"46","type":"bibr","rid":"R46","data":[{"name":"text","data":"46"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"；（c）可见光晶体硅超构表面"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"47","type":"bibr","rid":"R47","data":[{"name":"text","data":"47"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.4"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（a） 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fields achieve equivalent nonlocal response for 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