{"defaultlang":"zh","titlegroup":{"articletitle":[{"lang":"zh","data":[{"name":"text","data":"基于碳纤维框架天基目标探测二维跟踪转台结构优化"}]},{"lang":"en","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Structural optimization of 2-D tracking turntable with carbon fiber framework for spatial target detection"}]}]},"contribgroup":{"author":[{"name":[{"lang":"zh","surname":"陈","givenname":"卓","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""},{"lang":"en","surname":"CHEN","givenname":"Zhuo","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""}],"stringName":[],"aff":[{"rid":"aff1","text":"1"},{"rid":"aff2","text":"2"}],"role":["first-author"],"bio":[{"lang":"zh","text":["陈　卓（1996-），男，湖北麻城人，硕士研究生，2018年于中南大学获得学士学位，主要从事航天光学遥感器结构的设计。E-mail： chenzhuo183@mails.ucas.edu.cn"],"graphic":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10225992&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10225996&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10225994&type=","width":"22.01333618","height":"32.00400543","fontsize":""}],"data":[[{"name":"text","data":"陈　卓"},{"name":"text","data":"（1996-），男，湖北麻城人，硕士研究生，2018年于中南大学获得学士学位，主要从事航天光学遥感器结构的设计。E-mail： "},{"name":"text","data":"chenzhuo183@mails.ucas.edu.cn"}]]}],"email":"chenzhuo183@mails.ucas.edu.cn","deceased":false},{"name":[{"lang":"zh","surname":"胡","givenname":"庆龙","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""},{"lang":"en","surname":"HU","givenname":"Qing-long","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""}],"stringName":[],"aff":[{"rid":"aff1","text":"1"}],"role":["corresp"],"corresp":[{"rid":"cor1","lang":"en","text":"E-mail： huqinglong.hit@163.com","data":[{"name":"text","data":"E-mail： huqinglong.hit@163.com"}]}],"email":"huqinglong.hit@163.com","deceased":false},{"name":[{"lang":"zh","surname":"李","givenname":"朝辉","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""},{"lang":"en","surname":"LI","givenname":"Zhao-hui","namestyle":"eastern","prefix":""}],"stringName":[],"aff":[{"rid":"aff1","text":"1"}],"role":[],"bio":[{"lang":"zh","text":["李朝辉（1969-），男，吉林双辽人，博士，研究员，1991年、1994年于长春光学精密机械学院分别获得学士、硕士学位，2001年于中科院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事航天光学遥感器的研制工作。E-mail： lizh_ciom@yahoo.com.cn"],"graphic":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10225998&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226002&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226000&type=","width":"22.01333618","height":"32.00399780","fontsize":""}],"data":[[{"name":"text","data":"李朝辉"},{"name":"text","data":"（1969-），男，吉林双辽人，博士，研究员，1991年、1994年于长春光学精密机械学院分别获得学士、硕士学位，2001年于中科院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事航天光学遥感器的研制工作。E-mail： "},{"name":"text","data":"lizh_ciom@yahoo.com.cn"}]]}],"email":"lizh_ciom@yahoo.com.cn","deceased":false}],"aff":[{"id":"aff1","intro":[{"lang":"zh","label":"1","text":"中国科学院 长春光学精密机械与物理研究所，吉林  长春  130033","data":[{"name":"text","data":"中国科学院 长春光学精密机械与物理研究所，吉林  长春  130033"}]},{"lang":"en","label":"1","text":"Changchun Institute of Optics， Fine Mechanics and Physics， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Changchun  130033， China","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Changchun Institute of Optics， Fine Mechanics and Physics， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Changchun  130033， China"}]}]},{"id":"aff2","intro":[{"lang":"zh","label":"2","text":"中国科学院大学，北京  100049","data":[{"name":"text","data":"中国科学院大学，北京  100049"}]},{"lang":"en","label":"2","text":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing  100049， China","data":[{"name":"text","data":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing  100049， China"}]}]}]},"abstracts":[{"lang":"zh","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"为满足某星载太阳辐照度光谱仪对太阳的跟踪指向技术要求，设计了一种二维转台系统。本文对该转台进行了结构的拓扑优化设计、有限元仿真及试验验证。首先，通过研究和比较现有的转台方案，确定以基本地平式作为转台的结构形式，选择性能优良的M55J碳纤维复合材料作为转台结构的主要材料，配合TC4镶嵌件来连接部件。根据拓扑优化结果和工程经验，分别完成了转台3个主要部件的蒙皮和加强筋结构设计，得到了总体尺寸为966 mm×400 mm×730 mm、质量为27.3 kg的转台框架。针对此结构进行有限元分析，得到转台整体基频为58 Hz，结构强度和刚度满足设计指标要求。最后，对转台初样进行了抗力学试验和热真空试验。试验结果表明，转台整体的一阶频率为53 Hz，正弦振动前后基频变化在2%以内，随机振动前后基频变化在4%以内，在真空环境中功能正常。该转台整体结构设计合理，性能稳定，能够满足设计指标要求。"}]}]},{"lang":"en","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"To optimize solar spectroradiometers on satellites， a spatial turntable is designed according to performance indexes； finite element analysis is conducted and the properties of the prototype are tested. First， various articles were consulted to determine the fundamental structure of the turntable， and the azimuthal structure was selected. By researching the properties of different materials， M55J carbon fiber—which uses TC4 inserts for connection—was chosen as the main material for the turntable. The three main parts of the turntable are designed based on topological results and engineering experience； thus， a turntable frame with a size of 966 mm× 400 mm× 730 mm and mass of 27.3 kg is designed. Next， simulation analysis is carried out， from which the natural frequency of the entire turntable is established as 58 Hz. This implies that the strength and stiffness of the turntable fulfill the optimization criteria. Finally， resistance and thermal vacuum tests are conducted on the prototype. Test results showed that the natural frequency of the turntable was 53 Hz and the variation of the turntable’s natural frequency was within 2% （sinusoidal vibration） and 4% （random vibration）. Furthermore， we observed that the turntable functioned normally in a vacuum. Accordingly， the proposed design is tenable."}]}]}],"keyword":[{"lang":"zh","data":[[{"name":"text","data":"天基目标探测"}],[{"name":"text","data":"二维转台"}],[{"name":"text","data":"碳纤维结构"}],[{"name":"text","data":"拓扑优化"}],[{"name":"text","data":"有限元分析"}]]},{"lang":"en","data":[[{"name":"text","data":"spatial target detection"}],[{"name":"text","data":"2-D turntable"}],[{"name":"text","data":"carbon fiber structure"}],[{"name":"text","data":"topology optimization"}],[{"name":"text","data":"finite element analysis"}]]}],"highlights":[],"body":[{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"1 引　言"}],"level":"1","id":"s1"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"转台机构能够实现载荷独立于卫星等空间平台的指向运动，在天基跟瞄系统中得到了广泛的应用"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"1","type":"bibr","rid":"R1","data":[{"name":"text","data":"1"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"。近年来，根据不同的任务要求，人们设计了不同的转台结构。按照结构，转台大体可以归纳为以下3类"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"2","type":"bibr","rid":"R2","data":[{"name":"text","data":"2"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"：（1）传统经纬仪式的二维转台结构，由方位轴系和俯仰轴系构成，两轴系正交；（2）潜望镜式指向机构，主光学系统位于搭载平台上，采用两个45°反射镜；（3）平面指向反射镜结构。根据载荷类型的不同可将转台大致分为两类"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"2","type":"bibr","rid":"R2","data":[{"name":"text","data":"2"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"3","type":"bibr","rid":"R3","data":[{"name":"text","data":"3"}]}}],"rid":["R2","R3"],"text":"2-3","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，一类用于空间光通信，这类转台强调跟踪过程的灵敏度，其载荷多为反射镜等光学系统的部分，质量较小；另一类用于空间观测成像，这类转台对跟踪与成像质量的稳定性有更高的要求，因此载荷多为相机等整体的光学系统，质量较大。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"国内外关于跟踪指向与成像的理论研究很多。Ji等"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"4","type":"bibr","rid":"R4","data":[{"name":"text","data":"4"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"给出了一种天基观测覆盖范围的分析方法，该方法将复杂的三维空间关系转化成易于分析的二维关系。Wen等"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"5","type":"bibr","rid":"R5","data":[{"name":"text","data":"5"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"设计了一套高效率的转台姿态评估方法，将姿态评估误差减小至0.024°。杨秀彬等"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"6","type":"bibr","rid":"R6","data":[{"name":"text","data":"6"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"提出了在低照度条件下对空间近距离目标进行高信噪比探测的技术，能够对20 km范围外照度低于0.05 lx的目标进行成像。但星载转台的具体结构设计，国外的报道较少。根据国内近年来的研究可知，转台结构中传统的铝镁等金属材料逐渐被钛合金以及碳纤维复合材料等取代。刘铁军"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"7","type":"bibr","rid":"R7","data":[{"name":"text","data":"7"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"对碳纤维U形架进行了结构设计与仿真，得到U形架质量为1.87 kg，一阶基频为252 Hz，结构性能优于金属材料。胡庆龙"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"2","type":"bibr","rid":"R2","data":[{"name":"text","data":"2"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"采用碳纤维结构的固定支架，使支架自重3.8 kg时的一阶基频达到222.7 Hz。郭疆等"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"8","type":"bibr","rid":"R8","data":[{"name":"text","data":"8"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"设计了碳纤维机身的空间相机，其结构稳定，一阶基频达到120 Hz。邢思远等"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"9","type":"bibr","rid":"R9","data":[{"name":"text","data":"9"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"针对卫星复合材料框架进行了结构仿真优化，使结构质量降低了25.1%，基频提高了48.8%。上述天基载荷的某个部分都使用了复合材料。综上所述，全碳纤维结构的转台具有优良的性能。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"太阳辐照度光谱仪跟踪转台（以下简称TY转台）是实现对太阳跟踪对准功能的重要分系统。本文针对TY转台的性能指标与功能要求，采用全碳纤维结构，配合钛合金镶嵌件设计转台主要的承力部件（内框架、U形架和底板）。利用有限元建模进行了结构优化和力学适应性分析，并通过试验验证了转台结构的稳定性。"}]}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"2 转台结构形式"}],"level":"1","id":"s2"}},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"2.1　技术指标"}],"level":"2","id":"s2a"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"作为转台分系统的设计输入或约束，"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"表1","type":"table","rid":"T1","data":[{"name":"text","data":"表1"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"列出了卫星总体对太阳光谱仪的任务要求、光学载荷的机电接口要求和环境条件要求等主要技术指标。从"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"表1","type":"table","rid":"T1","data":[{"name":"text","data":"表1"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"可以看出，转台工作在高负载、大温差的条件下，并且转台本身的精度与质量也受到限制，这要求转台材料具有高比刚度、低线胀系数等特点，使转台在温度与负载作用下能正常完成转动功能，为光学载荷提供稳定的工作环境，保证它完成任务。"}]},{"name":"table","data":{"id":"T1","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"表1"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"TY转台的主要性能指标"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Tab.1"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Main performance indexes of TY turntable"}]}],"note":[],"table":[{"head":[[{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"项　目"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"性能指标要求"}]}]],"body":[[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"转动范围"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"方位：24°～-30°；俯仰-34.5°～5°"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"跟踪指向精度"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"≤0.1°"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"工作角速度"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0.01~0.1 （°）/s"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"转台质量"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"≤75 kg"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"载荷尺寸"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"VIS/IR光谱仪"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"238 mm×376 mm×366 mm"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"UV光谱仪"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"268 mm×364 mm×296 mm"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"谱仪电箱"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"83 mm×318 mm×246 mm"}]}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"承载质量"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"≤65 kg"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"转动惯量负载"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"俯仰:≤2.0 kg•m"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"2"}]},{"name":"text","data":"；"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"方位:≤6.9 kg•m"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"2"}]}]}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"结构固有频率"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"≥50 Hz（锁紧状态）"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"存储温度"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"-40~+90 ℃"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"工作温度"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0~+20 ℃"}]}],[{"align":"center","style":"border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"在轨寿命"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"≥8年"}]}]],"foot":[]}],"graphics":{"small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226006&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226004&type=","width":"76.90000916","height":"97.28958130","fontsize":""}}}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"2.2　设计原则"}],"level":"2","id":"s2b"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"综合上述分析，TY转台结构设计原则着重考虑以下几个方面："}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（1）布局合理"}],"level":"3","id":"s2b1"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"承载2台光谱仪等光学载荷，要保证具有良好的质量和惯量分布，以及最佳的动态刚度特性。"}]}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（2）结构稳定"}],"level":"3","id":"s2b2"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"具有足够的强度和刚度，保证结构在规定的力学条件下无塑性变形，具有可靠性和稳定性。"}]}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（3）温度适应性良好"}],"level":"3","id":"s2b3"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"保证在工作温度范围内机构正常工作，在存储温度范围内具有稳定的尺寸和精度。"}]}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"（4）高度轻量化设计"}],"level":"3","id":"s2b4"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"尽量减轻结构的质量，且结构应具有良好的加工性能。"}]}]}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"2.3　总体布局"}],"level":"2","id":"s2c"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"二维跟踪转台的结构形式主要有直角坐标内外框架式和极坐标地平式结构。传统的经纬仪地平式俯仰、方位结构具有体积紧凑、质量轻、跟踪精度较好的特点，是跟踪指向首选结构。参考国内外经验"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"10","type":"bibr","rid":"R10","data":[{"name":"text","data":"10"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"13","type":"bibr","rid":"R13","data":[{"name":"text","data":"13"}]}}],"rid":["R10","R11","R12","R13"],"text":"10-13","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，这里决定采用传统的基本地平式结构。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"TY转台的总体结构与布局如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图1","type":"fig","rid":"F1","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图1"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示，它主要由安装光学载荷的内框架、俯仰转动组件、方位转动组件以及底座组成。考虑发射时的冲击和振动，转台还包括锁定机构（图中未画出）。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F1","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图1"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"TY转台的总体布局"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.1"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Overall layout of TY turntable"}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226009&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226014&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226011&type=","width":"75.01467133","height":"49.06433105","fontsize":""}]}}]}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"3 支撑结构设计"}],"level":"1","id":"s3"}},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"3.1　结构设计思路"}],"level":"2","id":"s3a"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图2","type":"fig","rid":"F2","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图2"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"确定的总体布局仅在结构尺寸上满足转台安装与载荷固定的要求，需要进行更详细的设计，进一步提高环境适应性。从总体布局可以看出，内框架、U形架和底板是3个主要的承力部件。内框架上安装有两台光学载荷、导行镜和电箱，其刚度保证了光学载荷的稳定性。U形架和底板的刚度决定了整机的特征频率，并对轴系的精度和光轴的指向精度有重要影响。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F2","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图2"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"支撑结构的设计区域"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.2"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Design domain of support frame"}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226017&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226022&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226020&type=","width":"75.01467133","height":"42.20633316","fontsize":""}]}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"综合上述分析，本文的结构设计针对3个主要的承力部件——内框架、U形架以及底板来进行，通过研究确定合适的材料与结构优化方法，然后针对每个组件单独进行结构细化，在设计过程中组件之间的作用关系通过施加载荷与边界条件来完成。"}]}]},{"name":"sec","data":[{"name":"sectitle","data":{"title":[{"name":"text","data":"3.2　结构材料选择"}],"level":"2","id":"s3b"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"高模量碳纤维除了具备轻质、高强、高模等特性以外，承受环境交变的能力也突出，环境适应性强，以它作为增强体可以制备高刚度、高尺寸稳定性的各种结构型和功能性复合材料"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"14","type":"bibr","rid":"R14","data":[{"name":"text","data":"14"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"15","type":"bibr","rid":"R15","data":[{"name":"text","data":"15"}]}}],"rid":["R14","R15"],"text":"14-15","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，十分适合作为转台结构材料。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"目前，国内已经突破了M60J级碳纤维实验室制备关键技术，M55J级碳纤维能够进行工程化制备。某厂家给出的M55J级碳纤维的参考性能如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"表2","type":"table","rid":"T2","data":[{"name":"text","data":"表2"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示。Peiluo等"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"［"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"16","type":"bibr","rid":"R16","data":[{"name":"text","data":"16"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"采用M55J/CE材料制造了尺寸为"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"φ"}]},{"name":"text","data":"140 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M55J"}]}],"note":[],"table":[{"head":[[{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"密度"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"ρ"}]}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"/（g·cm"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"-3"}]},{"name":"text","data":"）"}]}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"弹性模量"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"E"}]}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"（10"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"10"}]},{"name":"text","data":"Pa）"}]}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"热导率"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"λ"}]}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"/（W·m"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"-1"}]},{"name":"text","data":"·K"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"-1"}]},{"name":"text","data":")"}]}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"比热容"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"C"}]}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"/（J·kg"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"-1"}]},{"name":"text","data":"·K"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"-1"}]},{"name":"text","data":")"}]}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"比刚度"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"E/ρ"}]}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"(10"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"7"}]},{"name":"text","data":"N 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Compliance with a Volume Constraint， MCVC）适用于解决单荷载工况下未给出位移约束的工程问题，容易得到结构刚度最大化的拓扑。工程中MCVC模型最常采用SIMP方法，即基于SIMP材料插值模型的变密度法，以每个单元的相对密度作为设计变量，同时引入密度与材料弹性模量的假设函数关系，以结构响应量最小化或最大化为目标设定体积比约束。在静力优化问题中，通常以结构柔顺度最小化作为优化的目标函数，其数学模型表示为："}]},{"name":"dispformula","data":{"label":[{"name":"text","data":"（1）"}],"data":[{"name":"math","data":{"math":"<math display=\"block\" id=\"M1\"><mfenced open=\"{\" close=\"\" separators=\"|\"><mrow><mtable columnalign=\"left\"><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">f</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">d</mi><mo>:</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mi><mo>:</mo><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">C</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">T</mi></mrow></msup><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">U</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">T</mi></mrow></msup><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">K</mi><mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">U</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>s</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>.</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>V</mi><mfenced separators=\"|\"><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant=\"normal\">0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>-</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn mathvariant=\"normal\">0</mn><mo>,</mo><mtext> </mtext><mn mathvariant=\"normal\">0</mn><mo><</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn mathvariant=\"normal\">1</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mfenced></math>","graphicsData":{"small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226031&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226028&type=","width":"57.40399933","height":"21.33599854","fontsize":""}}},{"name":"text","data":"，"}],"id":"DF1"}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"式中："},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"C"}]},{"name":"text","data":"为柔顺度值；"},{"name":"bold","data":[{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"K"}]}]},{"name":"text","data":"，"},{"name":"bold","data":[{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"U"}]}]},{"name":"text","data":"，"},{"name":"bold","data":[{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"F"}]}]},{"name":"text","data":"分别表示总刚度阵，总位移和总载荷；"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"V"}]},{"name":"sub","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0"}]},{"name":"text","data":"和"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"V"}]},{"name":"text","data":"分别表示初始结构和优化结构体积；"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"f"}]},{"name":"text","data":"是体积比；"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"ρ"}]},{"name":"sub","data":[{"name":"text","data":"min"}]},{"name":"text","data":"是拓扑变量下限，用于避免有限元分析奇异性，通常可取"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"ρ"}]},{"name":"sub","data":[{"name":"text","data":"min"}]},{"name":"text","data":"=10"},{"name":"sup","data":[{"name":"text","data":"-3［"},{"name":"blockXref","data":{"data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"21","type":"bibr","rid":"R21","data":[{"name":"text","data":"21"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"-"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"22","type":"bibr","rid":"R22","data":[{"name":"text","data":"22"}]}}],"rid":["R21","R22"],"text":"21-22","type":"bibr"}},{"name":"text","data":"］"}]},{"name":"text","data":"。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"本文用MSC Patran/Nastran有限元分析对3个转台构件分别进行拓扑优化，根据所得的拓扑结果，结合实际工程经验，设计构件的蒙皮与加强筋结构。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"这里以U形架为例，如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图2","type":"fig","rid":"F2","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图2"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示，考虑到生产与装配过程的可行性，将U形架在俯仰轴系处分上下两部分，设计平台用于连接。将轴孔处、连接平台及框架边缘区域作为非设计区域（图中高亮部分），蓝色区域为设计区域。在底部轴孔面处施加固定约束，将U形架载荷以80 kg质量点的形式通过多点约束（MPC）连接在两侧轴孔处。在"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"X"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Y"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Z"}]},{"name":"text","data":"三轴方向同时分别施加10"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"g"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，2"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"g"}]},{"name":"text","data":"，2"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"g"}]},{"name":"text","data":"的加速度载荷，以最小化结构柔顺度为目标，30%体积分数为约束，经过27次迭代后结果如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图3","type":"fig","rid":"F3","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图3"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示，结构柔顺度变化如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图4","type":"fig","rid":"F4","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图4"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示（彩图见期刊电子版）。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F3","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图3"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"U形架拓扑优化结果"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.3"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Topology result of U-shaped frame"}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226034&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226038&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226036&type=","width":"75.01467133","height":"31.11499977","fontsize":""}]}},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F4","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图4"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"拓扑优化迭代历程"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.4"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Iteration process of topology"}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226040&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226045&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226043&type=","width":"75.01467133","height":"54.10200119","fontsize":""}]}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图3","type":"fig","rid":"F3","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图3"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"展示了设计密度的分布云图，其中越接近红色的区域设计密度越大，表明结构越重要，需要保留；越接近蓝色的区域设计密度越小，表明此处结构可以去除。"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图4","type":"fig","rid":"F4","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图4"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"表明，优化前U形架结构的柔顺度为13.22，优化后结构柔顺度为0.99，即结构刚度为原来的13倍，优化效果明显。根据优化结果，U形架两侧部分单元密度很小，绝大部分可以去除，余下部分单元分布在"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Z"}]},{"name":"text","data":"轴方向上，可以考虑在此部分设置"},{"name":"italic","data":[{"name":"text","data":"Z"}]},{"name":"text","data":"轴方向上的加强筋，其余部分留空；U形架底部及拐角处表面单元密度很大，属于主要承力部分，内部单元密度较小，可以在此设计较密集的横向与纵向的加强筋，减少材料的同时提高此处刚度。为方便加工，各处加强筋厚度应保持一致。"}]},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"实际设计时，U形架两侧需要为金属镶嵌件提供安装位置，根据已有经验，两侧设计蒙皮能提高结构刚度。结合工程实际，U形架采用内外面板封闭式结构，内部设置加强筋，考虑到加工工艺性，加强筋呈横纵均匀排布，尺寸相同。最终得出U形架的详细结构如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图5","type":"fig","rid":"F5","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图5"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示，组件结构尺寸约为842 mm×343 mm×400 mm，碳纤维结构厚度以4 mm为主。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F5","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图5"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"U形架详细结构"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.5"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Detailed structure of U-shaped frame"}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226047&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226051&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226049&type=","width":"75.01467133","height":"47.96366501","fontsize":""}]}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"整个组件由碳纤维材料通过铺层的方式成形，成形过程中在空腔位置预埋水溶性材料，成形结束后排出。部分金属镶嵌件也在成形过程中预埋在构件内，其余金属镶嵌件通过与这些预埋件之间的螺钉连接，实现与碳纤维材料的结合，如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图6","type":"fig","rid":"F6","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图6"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示。另外，所有金属件与碳纤维的接触面处都涂胶进行粘接，进一步提高连接的可靠性。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F6","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图6"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"镶嵌件示意图"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.6"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Schematic diagram of TC4 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505个单元，其结构形式如"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"图10","type":"fig","rid":"F10","data":[{"name":"text","data":"图10"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"所示。有限元模型质量为124 kg，略低于三维实体模型的127 kg，相差约2%，其原因可能是实体模型包含螺钉和热控机构，有限元模型没有这些部分，但质量差距很小，不影响有限元模型的可靠性。"}]},{"name":"fig","data":{"id":"F10","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"图10"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"整机网格模型"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Fig.10"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Mesh model of complete machine"}]}],"subcaption":[],"note":[],"graphics":[{"print":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226084&type=","small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226088&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226086&type=","width":"75.01467133","height":"60.74833298","fontsize":""}]}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"对于屈服极限载荷条件，产品的结构部件应具有正的安全裕度。不同类型的材料，安全裕度要求不同，具体规定见"},{"name":"xref","data":{"text":"表5","type":"table","rid":"T5","data":[{"name":"text","data":"表5"}]}},{"name":"text","data":"。"}]},{"name":"table","data":{"id":"T5","caption":[{"lang":"zh","label":[{"name":"text","data":"表5"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"安全裕度规定"}]},{"lang":"en","label":[{"name":"text","data":"Tab.5"}],"title":[{"name":"text","data":"Rules of safety margin"}]}],"note":[],"table":[{"head":[[{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"金属材料"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"安全裕度"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"非金属材料"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"安全裕度"}]}]],"body":[[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"屈服强度"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"首层失效"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0.25"}]}],[{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"极限强度"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0.12"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"承载强度"}]},{"align":"center","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0.25"}]}],[{"align":"center","style":"border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"稳定度"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0.25"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"稳定度"}]},{"align":"center","style":"border-bottom:solid;","data":[{"name":"text","data":"0.30"}]}]],"foot":[]}],"graphics":{"small":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226092&type=","big":"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=10226090&type=","width":"76.90000153","height":"26.00000000","fontsize":""}}},{"name":"p","data":[{"name":"text","data":"其中，安全裕度的定义如下："}]},{"name":"dispformula","data":{"label":[{"name":"text","data":"（2）"}],"data":[{"name":"text","data":"M.S.="},{"name":"math","data":{"math":"<math display=\"block\" id=\"M2\"><mfrac><mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">[</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">]</mo></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">M</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">X</mi></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>-</mo><mn 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