“Experts have proposed an innovative visual inspection method for geometric and assembly errors of rudder structural components, which can only measure one or two parameters after clamping and positioning using contact measurement methods and has low detection efficiency. This study obtained images of the rudder axis and rudder surface area through a computer vision system, and used image preprocessing techniques to remove image distortion and noise. In terms of edge detection, the research team compared multiple operators and ultimately chose the Scharr operator to extract the edges of the rudder axis image and the Canny operator to extract the edges of the rocker arm image, ensuring the clarity and continuity of edge extraction. In addition, the study also used the Hough line and Hough circle detection methods to extract the edge line features of the rudder surface, the generatrix features of the rudder shaft, and the contour features of the rocker arm circle. A geometric error detection objective function was constructed, and an adaptive genetic algorithm was used to calculate the optimal solution. It is worth mentioning that this study also combined the internal and external parameter matrices calibrated by the camera to achieve rapid detection of rudder core symmetry, rudder axis perpendicularity, and rocker arm angle. After repeated measurement experiments, the symmetry detection accuracy reached 0.055 mm, the perpendicularity detection accuracy reached 0.225 mm, and the assembly angle detection accuracy reached 0.772 °. It took 7 s to complete a single detection. This method not only improves the accuracy and efficiency of geometric error detection, but also helps to promote the automation and intelligence level of rudder structural component forming, manufacturing, and in machine inspection. This research achievement provides a new solution for quality control and production efficiency improvement of rudder structural components, which has important engineering application value and industry promotion prospects.”