Photon counting imaging based on GM-APD

HE Wei-ji; SIMA Bo-yu; CHENG Yao-jin; CHEN Wei; CHEN Qian

doi:10.3788/OPE.20122008.1831

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Photon counting imaging based on GM-APD

更新时间：2020-08-12

- Photon counting imaging based on GM-APD
- Optics and Precision Engineering Vol. 20, Issue 8, Pages: 1831-1837(2012)
- 作者机构：
  
  1. 南京理工大学江苏省光谱成像与智能感知重点实验室,江苏南京,210094
  2. 微光夜视技术国防科技重点实验室,陕西西安,710065
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.3788/OPE.20122008.1831
  CLC： TN312.7;TP391
- Received：18 April 2012，
  
  Revised：21 May 2012，
  
  Published：10 August 2012
- 稿件说明：
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何伟基, 司马博羽, 程耀进, 成伟, 陈钱. 基于盖格-雪崩光电二极管的光子计数成像[J]. 光学精密工程, 2012,(8): 1831-1837

HE Wei-ji, SIMA Bo-yu, CHENG Yao-jin, CHEN Wei, CHEN Qian. Photon counting imaging based on GM-APD[J]. Editorial Office of Optics and Precision Engineering, 2012,(8): 1831-1837
何伟基, 司马博羽, 程耀进, 成伟, 陈钱. 基于盖格-雪崩光电二极管的光子计数成像[J]. 光学精密工程, 2012,(8): 1831-1837 DOI： 10.3788/OPE.20122008.1831.

HE Wei-ji, SIMA Bo-yu, CHENG Yao-jin, CHEN Wei, CHEN Qian. Photon counting imaging based on GM-APD[J]. Editorial Office of Optics and Precision Engineering, 2012,(8): 1831-1837 DOI： 10.3788/OPE.20122008.1831.

摘要

考虑用传统的成像技术检测光生电荷信号时易受模数转换噪声干扰

本文提出了一种基于单光子灵敏雪崩光电二极管(GM-APD)的光子计数成像方法。该方法以单光子灵敏GM-APD作为探测单元

以全数字化方式实现微弱光学信号的有效检测。建立了GM-APD光子流响应模型

利用马尔科夫更新过程分析了光子探测盲区对GM-APD瞬态响应的影响

得到了GM-APD输出的数字脉冲频率与光子流密度之间的关联表达式。搭建了二维扫描成像实验验证装置

通过实验得到了不同密度光子流条件下的光子计数图像。采用标准化互信息量分析得到

在光子流密度为3.0×10

count/s的条件下

该实验装置仍然可以实现可视成像;当光子流密度达到2.7×10

count/s时

标准化互信息量大于0.5;实现了在低光子流密度时采用光子计数方式对目标物体的有效成像。

Abstract

As conventional imaging systems suffer from the excessive noise from Analog-digital Converters(ADCs) at low signal levels

this paper proposed an imaging method based on Geiger-mode single photon counting Avalanchen photodiode(GM-APDs) to realize all-digital detection of weak optical signals. The photon response model for the GM-APDs was established

and the performance of GM-APDs with dead-time effects was analyzed by using Markov renewal process. Then

the relationship between the digitlal pulse frequency measured by GM-APD and the input photon rate was deduced.Furthermore

a 2D scan imaging system was also built to verify this method. In the experiment

the photon counting images with different input photon rates were obtained. By using standard mutual information to assess image quality

it is demonstrated that the experimental system can achieve visual imaging with an input photon rate of 3.0?10

count/s

and the value of standard mutual information is over 0.5 with 2.7?10

count/s. It concludes that this system can realize photon counting imaging at low signal levels efficiently.

关键词

Keywords

references

SRIKANTH R N, MAJEED M H,BAHRAM J. Information theoretic approach for assessing image fidelity in photon-counting arrays[J]. Optical Express, 2010,18(3):2449-2463.

FABRIZIO G, SIMONE T,ALBERTO T,et al.. Two-dimensional SPAD imaging camera for photon counting[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2010,2(5):759-774.

ZDENEK P, KLAUS S. Photon arrival timing with sub-camera exposure time resolution in wide-field time-resolved photon counting imaging[J]. Optical Express, 2010,18(24):24888-24902.

GERRALT A V, ALBERT H W,MOODY L,et al.. Photon-counting gamma camera based on an electron-multiplying CCD[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2005,52(3):580-588.

何玲平,尼启良,李敏,等. 楔条形阳极光子计数探测器成像性能检测[J]. 光学精密工程,2009,17(11):2699-2704. HE L P,NI Q L,LI M,et al..Image performance of photon-counting imaging detector with wedge-and-strip anode[J]. Opt. Precision Eng., 2009,17(11):2699-2704.(in Chinese)

PHILIP G, LEE J H A, KIMB I J,et al.. On the dead time problem of a GM counter[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2009,67:1094-1098.

PHILIP G, STEVEN J, TERRY N. Dead-time effects on Geiger-mode APD performance[J]. SPIE, 2007, 6550:65500I.

SRIKANTH R N, MAJEED M H, BAHRAM J. Information theoretic approach for assessing image fidelity in photon-counting arrays[J]. Optics Express, 2010,18(3):449-2457.

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