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Issue 12 ， 2016
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Progress on optical components for ICF laser facility
Abstract：To improve the beam quality and output powers of driving optical components for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) laser facilities, this paper introduces the construction, operation and performance enhancement of SG series laser facilities in China. It reviews the research working and developments of optical components for the ICF laser facilities in recent years. These workings involve the preparation of raw materials, such as high purity metal hafnium (Hf) and Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP), and the Keywords：Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) laser facility;optical component;material preparation;optical test;review- 108
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Advances in large-aperture beam sampling gratings
Abstract：This paper reviews the advances in fabricating large-aperture Beam Sampling Grating (BSG) made of fused silica for Shenguang laser facility. A chemical mechanical polishing process for large-aperture BSGs is proposed. The efficiency uniformity of BSGs with an aperture of 430 mm×430 mm is successfully controlled within a rms of 5%, which meets the specification of the large-aperture BSGs. For threshold characteristics of BSGs, the contamination and its cleaning of large-aperture BSGs are characterized with s Keywords：fused silica;Beam Sampling Grating (BSG);sampling efficiency;laser-induced damage threshold;subsurface damage;polishing;etching;review- 84
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Progress on large aperture transport mirrors
Abstract：For the requirements of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) facility for large aperture transport mirrors with higher performance, key technologies and special processing involved in mirror machining are explored. Some kinds of machining technologies, including the manufacturing of K9 glass blanks, optics cold processing, coating for transport mirrors and laser conditioning are investigated. The precision annealing process of 400 mm aperture K9 glass blank is proposed to implement the high precision optical f Keywords：transport mirror;high-power laser;K9 glass;optical cold processing;coating technology;laser conditioning- 100
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Development of high performance polarizer coatings
Abstract：The research and achievements of high performance polarizer coatings by many scholars around the world are reviewed, including the spectral properties, laser damage threshold and stress control. For the performance requirements of polarizer coatings in China Shenguang series facilities, it describes the investigation of spectral properties, laser damage threshold, and figure accuracy of the polarizer coatings based on electron beam depolarization by Shanghai Institute of Opitcs and Fine Mechanics of the Chi Keywords：high-power laser;thin-film polarizer;laser damage threshold;stress control;review- 94
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Preparation and application of high-performance synthetic optical fused silica glass
Abstract：Several kinds of important preparation processes of synthetic optical silica glass are elaborated, such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) and indirect synthetic method. The raw materials and characteristics for the optical silica glass, as well their applications in different fields are given. Then, developing situations and tendencies of these preparation processes are reviewed. It compares their advantages and shortcomings in detail. Among them, the CVD is the mos Keywords：optical fused silica glass;chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD);plasma chemical vapor deposition;indirect synthetic method;review- 105
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Small signal gain of glass N41 in large aperture Nd: laser
Abstract：The main properties of high-power Nd:laser glass in China and abroad and its development situations were compared. Then, the physical properties of large aperture N41 Nd:glass developed by Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIOM) were analyzed and its gain characteristics in a segment amplification system with an aperture of 400 nm was investigated. An optimized technological scheme was used to measure the small-signal net-gain parameters of N41 glass and N31 Keywords：laser fusion;laser material;N41 Nd:glass;gain characteristic;small-signal net-gain parameter- 96
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Effect of magnetorheological finishing on laser damage properties of fused silica
Abstract：To further increase the laser-induced damage threshold of the fused silica elements, the effect of Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) technology on the laser damage properties of fused silica elements was investigated under the condition of Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) acid dynamic etching process. Firstly, the fused silica samples were prepared by different processes and their surface roughnesses were measured. Then, the contents and depths of metal impurity elements before and after MRF processing were measured Keywords：Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF);fused silica;optical component;optical element;Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) acid dynamic etching- 136
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Laser conditioning technology and its applications
Abstract：Research progress of laser conditioning technology and its applications in China is reviewed in this paper. The physical mechanisms, effects and key techniques of laser conditioning on 1ω dielectric coatings and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and doped deuterium KDP (DKDP) crystals are studied. A laser conditioning platform for large-aperture optics is constructed to increase the laser damage resistance of critical optics used in high power laser systems. The laser conditioning for large-aperture 1ω d Keywords：laser conditioning;high power laser system;laser induced damage threshold;dielectric coating;potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal;doped deuterium KDP (DKDP) crystal- 122
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Observation and analysis of surface defects on cavity mirror of chemical oxygen-iodine laser
Abstract：To figure out the causes of cavity mirror defects in a Chemical Oxygen-iodine Laser (COIL), the surface defects on the cavity mirror were studied. A Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) was used to observe the surface defects on the cavity mirror, and its micro topography was analyzed. The shapes of the surface defects and the reasons why the defects appeared were discussed. Then, a simplified model of cavity mirror with defects was established. The ring beam irradiating the cavity mirror was simulated by using Keywords：Chemical Oxygen-iodine Laser (COIL);cavity mirror;surface defect;melting damage;laser radiation- 88
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Effect of chemical modification technology laser damage threshold of fused silica optical elements
Abstract：The Laser-induced Damage Thresholds (LIDTs) of fused silica optical elements would be deteriorate, when it suffers the 355 nm laser irradiation. This paper proposes a method to improve their LIDTs. A silica element was immersed into two types of HF-based etchants:1.7%wt. HF acid and buffer oxide etchant (BOE:the mixture of 0.4%wt. HF and 12%wt. NH4F) to be treated in the same experimental condition, respectively. The etching rate was calculated by measuring the weight variation of the etching element during Keywords：fused silica;optical element;Laser-induced Damage Thresholds (LIDT);chemical modification;etching rate;surface roughness;mechanical properties- 77
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Grating polarizers for high power laser systems
Abstract：The structure of a grating polarizer in common 1053 nm lasers was optimized for high power laser systems. The diffraction characteristics and extinction ratio of the grating polarizer were investigated by using rigorous coupled-wave theory. The results show when the grating period, duty cycle and the groove depth of the grating are 600 nm, 0.535-0.55 and 1 395-1 420 nm at a wavelength of 1053 nm, respectively, the extinction ratio could be more than 1500, and the optical transmittance of the TM-polarized wa Keywords：high power laser system;grating polarizer;rigorous coupled-wave theory;holographic lithography;ion beam etching- 70
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Continuous melting technology of neodymium laser glass
Abstract：This paper focuses on the continuous melting technology of neodymium laser glass carried out by Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences since 2005. It describes the research progress and some achievements of the technology. The continuous melting processing of N31 laser Nd glass is given, continuous melting of phosphate glass is simulated and a lots of experiments on the design, establishment, improvement and verification of the continuous melting line are carried Keywords：neodymium laser glass;phosphate laser glass;continuous melting;hydroxylation removal;Pt-inclusion removal;review- 98
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- 13
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Error analysis of ion beam figuring for fabrication of continuous phase plates with small feature structures
Abstract：According to the surface characteristics of continuous phase plates with small feature structures on high surface gradients and extensive mid-to-high spatial frequencies, several factors influencing the machining accuracy of the phase plates are analyzed. These factors include raster scanning pitch, material removal programming, positioning precision and material removal. The analysis points out that the optimal pitch can be selected according to the Nyquist sampling theorem to achieve the effective imprint Keywords：Continuous Phase Plate (CPP);ion beam figuring;error analysis;surface matching;positioning precision- 77
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Design and fabrication of a composite transmission pulse compression grating
Abstract：A composite transmission pulse compression grating was proposed for femto-second Ti:sapphire lasers. The composite transmission grating with 700-900 nm bandwidth worked at a center wavelength of 800 nm was consisted of two gratings with groove densities 1 250 line/mm and 3 300 line/mm and they were integrated in a fused silica plate. The 1 250 line/mm grating was used for compressing laser pulse. The 3 300 line/mm anti-reflection grating was conductive to decreasing the reflection loss and avoiding the wave Keywords：pulse compression grating;fused silica transmission grating;diffraction efficiency;laser damage threshold- 79
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Spectra of high power pulsed xenon lamp tubes and their impact resistances
Abstract：This paper focuses on the spectral properties and the impact resistances of composite quartz tubes and cerium doped quartz tubes used in the driving optical components of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) laser facility. The spectral transmittances were tested on the selected samples, new composite quartz tube, new cerium doped quartz tube, 14 000 shot composite quartz tube and 14 000 shot cerium doped quartz lamp tube and their spectral properties were compared. It show that the spectral properties of the Keywords：Inertial confinement fusion;high power pulsed xenon lamp;composite quartz tube;cerium doped quartz tude;transmissivity;Shock resistance- 70
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Design of deformable mirror with small deformation and its application in pulse compression grating with low aberration
Abstract：To realize the low aberration of pulse compression gratings (PCGs) applied in chirped pulse amplification and compression, a Deformable Mirror (DM) with small deformation was designed and fabricated to compensate the sub-micron static wavefront aberration induced by a large diameter grating substrate. The DM contains 19 piezoelectric actuators and its effective diameter is 80 mm and thickness is 5mm. The response function of each actuator was measured with an interferometer to construct the stiffness matrix Keywords：Deformable mirror (DM);holographic grating;pulse compression grating;piezoelectric actuator;response function;aberration compensation- 96
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Effects of posttreatments on optical properties and laser induced damage thresholds of HfO2 thin films
Abstract：HfO2 thin films were prepared by electron beam evaporation technique. Two kinds of post-treatment methods, anneal in oxygen and laser treatment, were employed to treat the samples under the oxygen condition. The procedures of post-treatment and corresponding treatment equipment were introduce and the optical transmittance, absorption and laser induced damage threshold of a HfO2 thin film sample at 355 nm were measured before and after the treatments. The treatment results on reducing absorption and improvin Keywords：HfO2 film;coating technology;post-treatment;thin film parameter measurement;film optical property;laser induced damage threshold- 103
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Measurement of transmissive wavefront of long-focal length lens by computer-generated holography
Abstract：To measure the transmissive wavefront of a long-focal length lens precisely, a novel Computer Generated Holography (CGH) was proposed by adding a binary diffractive optical element into the Zygo interferometer to provide a reference wavefront. The theory of transmissive wavefront measurement of large convex lens by using the CGH was introduced. A high precision computed holographic plane was designed and developed to apply in the measurement of the transmissive wavefront of the long-focal length lens. The t Keywords：long-focal length lens;transmissive wavefront;optical test;interferometry;Computer-generated Holography (CGH);error analysis- 92
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Compensation of astigmatism in coordinate measurement for optical aspheric elements
Abstract：When a three Coordinate Measurement Machine is used to test the surface shape of an aspheric element in grinding and polishing, obtained result often shows astigmatism errors due to an imperfect compensation programming. This paper analyzes these measurement data, and points out that the astigmatism errors comes from the imprecise compensation programming for the radius of three-dimensional probe in the CMM. Then, It presents an off-line data processing method to compensate the measurement data and to elimi Keywords：aspheric element testing;Three Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM);compensation for radius of probe;astigmatism compensation- 64
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Measurement of bulk defects for KDP crystal billet with focused line scanning
Abstract：To detect the bulk defects in crystal billet of a KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) crystal quickly and exactly, a laser focusing scanning scattering imaging method was proposed and a corresponding high speed line scanning measurement setup was constructed. The principle of detection, image acquisition, image processing and the extraction of bulk defects were investigated. Based on laser scattering technique, a focused line laser beam was used to scan all parts of the crystal billet with a high-speed mov Keywords：Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystal;crystal billet;bulk defect;focused line laser beam;scattering measurement- 51
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Measurement and calculation for reflective wavefront error of large optics at oblique incidence
Abstract：The difference between the measurement angle and the use angle will produce measuring errors when the wavefront errors of the large reflective optics in a high power driving device are measured. So this paper proposes a method to convert the reflection wavefront in a measuring angle into the reflection wavefront in a use angle. Firstly, the cosine conversion method used in conversing the wavefront in an oblique incidence angle into the wavefront in the use angle was analyzed, and the calculation relationshi Keywords：high power laser device;large optics;reflection wavefront;wavefront error;bicubic interpolation;mid-low frequency error- 108
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Filter calculation based on wavefront figures
Abstract：To improve the measuring accuracy of optical interferometry, the filtering methods to eliminate the noise in interference fringe patterns were researched. The results of different filtering methods were discussed in different wavefronts and different noises of the interferometer. By taking the effects of interferometric noise on fringe patterns and different wavefronts into account, four kinds of fringe patterns for defocus, astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration were established based on zernike polynomia Keywords：interferometry;interferometric fringe pattern;wavefront figure;filtering method- 152
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Absorption coefficient measurement of KDP or DKDP Frequency doubling crystal at oblique incidence
Abstract：As the optical absorption coefficient of KDP or DKDP frequency doubling crystal in an Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) facility effects directly its frequency conversion efficiency and output energy, this paper researches the measurement methods of the absorption coefficients for two kinds of crystals. A measurement method based on LAMBERT-BEER law was proposed under oblique incidence for frequency doubling crystals. Then, the relationship between the polarization state of incident light and the propagatio Keywords：KDP/DKDP;frequency doubling crystal;absorption coefficient measure ment;oblique incidence- 72
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Flatness measurement of pitch lap for large continuous polisher
Abstract：For the high efficient and high accuracy convergence of surface figure of a large aperture workpiece, the continuous polishing technology was investigated. As the convergence efficiency of surface figure of the workpiece was effected directly by the flatness of pitch lap in a continuous polisher, a high precision measurement equipment with repeatability accuracy of ±1 μm was designed and developed for measuring the flatness of the pitch lap. The change rules and correlation between the flatness of pitch lap Keywords：continuous polishing;large continuous polisher;pitch lap;flatness measurement- 138
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Magnetorheological processing for large aperture plane optical elements
Abstract：The magnetorheological processing was investigated to improve the machining precision of large aperture optical elements. The principle of magnetorheological processing and the mathematical model of removal function were introduced. On the basis of the characteristics of the magneticrheological processing, the whole processing flow of optical elements was established and the technological factors of element process were given. Then, the software for extracting laser spots was developed, the technological so Keywords：plane optical element, magnetorheological processing;polishing;surface flatness;high power laser- 62
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Tool influence function in aspheric polishing under dynamic pressure distribution
Abstract：By taking the effect of Tool Influence Function (TIF) used in the NC program on the polishing accuracy for optical elements into account, the method how to obtain the optimized TIF based on the aspheric parameters to be polished and polishing pad parameters is proposed. As the key to calculate the TIF of aspheric elements is to obtain accurately the dynamic pressure distribution between polishing pad and mirror, this paper analyzes the pressure distribution between polishing pad and mirror by finite element Keywords：aspheric polishing;dynamic pressure distribution;curvature-changing tool influence function;finite element method- 83
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Fabricating and testing of
Ф 420 mm high-order aspheric lensAbstract：The fabrication and testing of a Ф420 mm fused silica high-order aspheric lens were presented. Current fabricating technologies were optimized, and robot grinding, polishing, and ion beam figuring were respectively applied to the fabrication of lens. For testing an aspheric lens, a spherical interferometer was used to test the concave surface of spheric lens, and the result shows that the test accuracy is 0.011λ-rms after the error of interferometer standard lens reference surface was removed. Furthermore, Keywords：aspheric lens;optical fabrication;lens fabrication;lens test;null compensation;surface figure error- 83
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Published：2020-08-13 -
Control of magnetorheological finishing on mid-spatial frequency error of flat optics
Abstract：To control the mid-spatial frequency error of a flat optics by Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF), the correction ability of frequency error by the MRF removal function and the suppression method of residual error created by the MRF were investigated. Firstly, the changes of mid-spatial frequency PSD1 (Power Spectral Density 1) errors of the optics and the PSD curves before and after simulating the MRF were compared and the correctable frequency error range of the MRF removal function was analyzed. Then the Keywords：magnetorheological finishing;flat optics;mid-spatial frequency error;Power Spectral Density (PSD);removal function- 73
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Published：2020-08-13
High Power Laser Optical Componets
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Fabricating and testing of Ф420 mm high-order aspheric lens
Abstract：The fabrication and testing of a Ф420 mm fused silica high-order aspheric lens were presented. Current fabricating technologies were optimized, and robot grinding, polishing, and ion beam figuring were respectively applied to the fabrication of lens. For testing an aspheric lens, a spherical interferometer was used to test the concave surface of spheric lens, and the result shows that the test accuracy is 0.011λ-rms after the error of interferometer standard lens reference surface was removed. Furthermore, null compensators based on reflective auto-collimating method were taken to test the high-order convex aspherical surface,and the surface figure errors are 0.013λ-rms. Finally, a standard spherical mirror was used to test the transmission wavefront of processed aspheric lens with self-aplanatic form,and the transmission wavefront errors of aspheric lens is 0.013λ-rms. The testing results indicate that the entire specifications meet the requirements of design. The processing methods proposed by the paper are suitable for the fabrication of larger aspheric lenses and other larger aperture aspherical elements.
Keywords：aspheric lens;optical fabrication;lens fabrication;lens test;null compensation;surface figure error- 46
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Published：2020-08-13
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